{"id":26282,"date":"2017-01-24T06:40:40","date_gmt":"2017-01-24T11:40:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/?p=26282"},"modified":"2017-01-30T17:03:15","modified_gmt":"2017-01-30T22:03:15","slug":"commercial-5g-ran-backhaul-and-fronthaul-overview","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/2017\/01\/commercial-5g-ran-backhaul-and-fronthaul-overview\/","title":{"rendered":"Commercial 5G RAN Backhaul and Fronthaul Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"<!--powerpress_player--><div class=\"powerpress_player\" id=\"powerpress_player_9792\"><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-26282-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3\">http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/div><p class=\"powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1px !important;\">Podcast: <a href=\"http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3\" class=\"powerpress_link_pinw\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Play in new window\" onclick=\"return powerpress_pinw('https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/?powerpress_pinw=26282-podcast');\" rel=\"nofollow\">Play in new window<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3\" class=\"powerpress_link_d\" title=\"Download\" rel=\"nofollow\" download=\"Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3\">Download<\/a> | <a href=\"#\" class=\"powerpress_link_e\" title=\"Embed\" onclick=\"return powerpress_show_embed('26282-podcast');\" rel=\"nofollow\">Embed<\/a><\/p><p class=\"powerpress_embed_box\" id=\"powerpress_embed_26282-podcast\" style=\"display: none;\"><input id=\"powerpress_embed_26282-podcast_t\" type=\"text\" value=\"&lt;iframe width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;30&quot; src=&quot;https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/?powerpress_embed=26282-podcast&amp;amp;powerpress_player=mediaelement-audio&quot; title=&quot;Blubrry Podcast Player&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot;&gt;&lt;\/iframe&gt;\" onclick=\"javascript: this.select();\" onfocus=\"javascript: this.select();\" style=\"width: 70%;\" readOnly><\/p><p class=\"powerpress_links powerpress_subscribe_links\">Subscribe: <a href=\"https:\/\/itunes.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/wade4wireless-blogcast\/id884500168?mt=2&amp;ls=1#episodeGuid=http%3A%2F%2Fwadesarver.com%2FPodcast%2F%3Fp%3D26282\" class=\"powerpress_link_subscribe powerpress_link_subscribe_itunes\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Subscribe on Apple Podcasts\" rel=\"nofollow\">Apple Podcasts<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/feed\/podcast\/\" class=\"powerpress_link_subscribe powerpress_link_subscribe_rss\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Subscribe via RSS\" rel=\"nofollow\">RSS<\/a><\/p><h1><a href=\"http:\/\/www.towertrackerpro.com\/landing?s=website-W4W\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-42102 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wade4wireless.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/04\/cop-banners-for-wade4wireless.png?w=300&#038;resize=300%2C120\" alt=\"COP Banners for Wade4wireless\" width=\"300\" height=\"120\" \/><\/a><\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/wade4wireless.com\/2017\/01\/30\/the-5g-deployment-plan-book-release\/\" target=\"_blank\">Here it is &#8220;<em><strong>The 5G Deployment Plan<\/strong><\/em>&#8221; available now!<\/a><\/p>\n<p>When looking at the RAN you may not think of backhaul or fronthaul as a component, but it is a critical one. Think about it, without backhaul you have no connection to the core, and without fronthaul, you have no connection between the BBU and the radio.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/wade4wireless.us9.list-manage2.com\/subscribe?u=ba35716081871edb222e0b811&amp;id=0358c74db3\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Sign-up\u00a0to get all your updates!<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><i>Don&#8217;t miss an episode on \u00a0<\/i><\/span><a class=\"fasc-button fasc-size-medium fasc-type-flat fasc-ico-before dashicons-video-alt3\" style=\"background-color: #ebe412; color: #0f0202;\" href=\"https:\/\/itunes.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/wade4wireless-blogcast\/id884500168?mt=2&amp;ign-mpt=uo%3D4\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes<\/a>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">or<em>\u00a0<\/em><\/span><a class=\"fasc-button fasc-size-medium fasc-type-flat fasc-ico-before dashicons-video-alt3\" style=\"background-color: #13afed; color: #140202;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stitcher.com\/podcast\/wade4wireless?refid=stpr\" target=\"_blank\">Stitcher<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/overcast.fm\/itunes884500168\/wade4wireless-blogcast\" target=\"_blank\">Overcast<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s start with the backhaul. The backhaul is the connection between the BBU and the core, not a plug and play device just yet, although the small cell has that aspect of it. At the site, you need to have the components to make the connections happen.<\/p>\n<p>First, let\u2019s cover what the backhaul is. Today\u2019s network will have an all-IP backhaul. What this means is that it will have an Ethernet connection to the router. The formats will all be IP-based for 4G and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.towersafety.com\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17456 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/dog-tags_clearbackgrond.jpg?resize=105%2C127&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Tower Safety for all your safety training!\" width=\"105\" height=\"127\" \/><\/a>5G connections. LTE is an all-IP format, as 5G will be. Remember that LTE is one of the building blocks of 5G.<\/p>\n<p>In the days of CDMA and GSM, what we called 3G, they had traditional telco formats like T1 and DS3. These formats worked great at that time, and they were the foundation for what telco had to offer. However, they were over copper. They had limited bandwidth whereas today, with fiber, we can get more bandwidth. When building these systems, there is a need for more and more bandwidth. While DS3 could supply up to 155Mbps of bandwidth, it took more equipment to take it from IP to DS3 format and back again, so now Ethernet connections are the standard in most carrier backhaul systems.<\/p>\n<p>What do you have in the backhaul and fronthaul components? You have the router at the RAN. Chances are the router will be Ethernet<\/p>\n<h1><a href=\"http:\/\/amzn.to\/2ga4Qez\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com\/images\/I\/61WzbpVKIdL._SY679_.jpg?resize=73%2C95&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Apple Watch Sport, Space Grey Aluminum Case\/Black Band, 42mm\" width=\"73\" height=\"95\" \/><\/a><\/h1>\n<p>in and Ethernet out. 3G systems used T1 and DS3 formats for the connection to the internet, but now all connections are pretty much IP in and out.<\/p>\n<p>The standard connections could be copper, fiber, or microwave. Fiber is the most common for macro sites because they can deliver speeds greater than 100Mbps, in fact, as we go to 5G, the carriers will expect 1Gbps and up. Microwave is trying to catch up. You can find backhaul that can do 1Gbps links, but the hops are very short and LOS. You also should worry about latency, which is a real issue with fronthaul. We\u2019ll get into that later.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>T<a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/1520231172\" target=\"_blank\">he Wireless Deployment Handbook \u00a0Paperback<\/a>\u00a0and<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/wade4wireless.com\/2015\/11\/12\/wireless-deployment-handbook-for-lte-small-cells-and-das\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-23035\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Cover-V7-LTE.jpg?resize=88%2C117&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Get the Wireless Deployment Handbook today!\" width=\"88\" height=\"117\" \/><\/a>T<a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/wade4wireless.com\/2015\/11\/12\/wireless-deployment-handbook-for-lte-small-cells-and-das\/\" target=\"_blank\">he Wireless Deployment Handbook eBook that covers professional carrier end to end deployment of LTE small cells, CRAN, and DAS showing you the proper way to plan for deployment then execute.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Then, out of the router, you will have IP access which may go to a switch to distribute the data among the components in the BTS. While the primary purpose is to connect to the BBU for the backhaul, it also passes more information back to the core such as alarms and BTS status. There is also a control channel for the remote MME to manage the BTS. With the IP connection, there are so many things you can monitor and control Most OEMs already have most of this built into their alarming systems. They even look at temperature and open doors. Some carriers are running video back through the backhaul so that they can see what\u2019s going on at the site when no one is supposed to be there. However, the data to the BBU is the top priority, and video is a convenience at best.<\/p>\n<p>Fronthaul is a connection between the BBU and the radio. In the case of a macro site, you have a fiber run, generally in a hybrid cable, between the BBU and the radio head on or at the tower which could be a simple piece of fiber connecting the 2. The reason they call the cable a hybrid is that it will have 3 to 9 or more fiber strands running through it along with power for the radio heads. The power lines are <a href=\"http:\/\/amzn.to\/2g7gAzh\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10884 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/W4W-Cover-4sw.jpg?resize=73%2C98&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"W4W Cover 4sw\" width=\"73\" height=\"98\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/W4W-Cover-4sw.jpg?resize=224%2C300&amp;ssl=1 224w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/W4W-Cover-4sw.jpg?resize=765%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 765w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/W4W-Cover-4sw.jpg?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/W4W-Cover-4sw.jpg?w=948&amp;ssl=1 948w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/W4W-Cover-4sw.jpg?w=1422&amp;ssl=1 1422w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 73px) 100vw, 73px\" \/><\/a>copper lines for DC power up the tower. There can be AC power on these lines, but it would be low power, chances are DC or AC it will be 48V or less. Does it have to be big enough to carry the current to run 3, 6, or 9 radio heads on the tower? There is loss through the cable that, if the engineering is wrong then you could have problems. Radio heads need power to work.<\/p>\n<p>Fronthaul at the tower is straightforward. However, in today\u2019s world, we have small cells and remote radio heads that are part of CRAN, Concentrated RAN, systems, and we have radio heads that could be part of a cRAN, cloud RAN. The idea of these systems is that the controller, a BBU, will be at a remote location controlling several radio heads from that location. Generally, in CRAN they are called BBU hotels, making maintenance and control of multiple radio heads at remote locations a lot easier when the tech can go to the one location to make changes or upgrades.<\/p>\n<p>So, fronthaul will have a router, and most of the time it is fiber. You could also have microwave. Copper is not too common because they want dedicated connections, fiber and microwave offer that. Copper does not.<\/p>\n<p>The issue with fronthaul is that the latency must be very low, there are communication timing issues between the BBU and the Radio Head and the UE that are critical. You don\u2019t want the packet to time out, so you have distance limitations with fiber and microwave. Fiber <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Audible-Free-Trial-Digital-Membership\/dp\/B00NB86OYE\/?ref_=assoc_tag_ph_1422899139880&amp;_encoding=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;linkCode=pf4&amp;tag=wade4w-20&amp;linkId=%7B%7Blink_id%7D%7D\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com\/images\/I\/41QA7FQysqL.jpg?resize=93%2C93&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"93\" height=\"93\" \/><\/a>is clean and works very well. Some microwave systems have longer delays due to the conversion between the data and microwave which can be an issue when transmitting signals because if they time out, then it causes retransmissions which will cause problems in the network if there are too many.\u00a0 Yes, there are delays through the microwave system usually from converting from IP to RF then from RF to IP on both sides. It takes processing power, and if there is a problem with the link, noise or interference, then the RF side will start data recovery and possibly retransmissions.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at the backhaul connection. You can have fiber, copper, microwave, or other connections.<\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc472662203\"><\/a>Fiber connections:<\/h3>\n<p>The most desired connection to the core. Fiber allows a huge amount of bandwidth. Over 1Gbps of bandwidth is available with the right equipment. You have limitations, but it works well.<\/p>\n<p>What options do you have for fiber?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dark Fiber \u2013 this is an unused dedicated fiber optic cable that to the customer\u2019s purpose. In other words, you aren\u2019t sharing it with anyone. A dedicated connection between the RAN and another site or the core or wherever you pay to have it sent. For dark fiber, the customer, you, will need to provide all the equipment to connect. You can get large amounts of bandwidth through dark fiber, 1Gbps, maybe more. Your limitation may be your gear. It is easy to scale dark fiber. If you run your dark fiber, it can be very expensive because you must get permits, right of ways, pay pole rents, maybe trench, and so on. It can get very expensive.<\/li>\n<li>Lit fiber \u2013 this is a shared fiber, and you connect to the carrier\u2019s equipment. The carrier could be a telco or fiber carrier or anyone who offer service. It is usually cheaper, but it is not a dedicated connection. It will still connect between 2 points, but the bandwidth may be limited because you are sharing the fiber. You may have a problem scaling up and need to coordinate with the carrier to make changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc472662204\"><\/a>When is fiber used\/not used?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Macro sites that require high-capacity could connect to the core or to another macro site to save on costs.<\/li>\n<li>Fronthaul for low latency and high-capacity to connect the BBU to the remote radio head in a CRAN option.<\/li>\n<li>Small cell sites when heavily loaded or no other option is available.<\/li>\n<li>CRAN Hotel BBUs to connect to high-capacity backhaul and to connect to remote radio heads for fronthaul creating a situation where you would have several fiber runs.<\/li>\n<li>In the case of C-RAN, Cloud RAN, it would be to connect the cell that is connected and controlled by a BBU in the cloud. New in 2016 and being tested in China and the USA.<\/li>\n<li>Fiber is not available everywhere. There are issues connecting to fiber in some areas.<\/li>\n<li>Fiber could be cost prohibitive to run to your specific site which has slowed the growth of small cell sites on remote poles. The cost of getting fiber to the pole may be more than the expense of the small cell and the installation of the small cell. That has been a problem that holds back the mass deployment of small cells.<\/li>\n<li>In some cases, you have only one fiber provider to choose from, and their costs may be probative.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T<a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/1520231172\" target=\"_blank\">he Wireless Deployment Handbook \u00a0Paperback<\/a>\u00a0and<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/wade4wireless.com\/2015\/11\/12\/wireless-deployment-handbook-for-lte-small-cells-and-das\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-23035\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Cover-V7-LTE.jpg?resize=88%2C117&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Get the Wireless Deployment Handbook today!\" width=\"88\" height=\"117\" \/><\/a>T<a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/wade4wireless.com\/2015\/11\/12\/wireless-deployment-handbook-for-lte-small-cells-and-das\/\" target=\"_blank\">he Wireless Deployment Handbook eBook that covers professional carrier end to end deployment of LTE small cells, CRAN, and DAS showing you the proper way to plan for deployment then execute.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc472662205\"><\/a>Microwave Connections:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Point to Point, (PTP) is where you have a dedicated microwave shot between to end points.<\/li>\n<li>Point to Multi Point, (PTMP) is where you have one control point connected to multiple endpoints.<\/li>\n<li>Latency varies, and it is hard to capture in a band. Why? Let\u2019s review this list:\n<ul>\n<li>Distance \u2013 just like fiber, the farther the data travels, the higher the latency. In microwave, the longer the link, the higher the latency.<\/li>\n<li>Equipment \u2013 specifically the radio equipment in this case. The longer it holds on to a packet the longer the latency. The longer it takes to process the conversion from RF back to IP, the longer the latency. The longer error correction takes to complete the longer the latency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Spectrum, microwave can be in many spectrums that serve many purposes. High-level explanations for the US market but they could apply to the world. These are the most common. Remember that the distance and dish size and engineering will affect throughput and latency.\n<ul>\n<li>6GHz range \u2013 general for long-range shots. Point to Point LOS (Line of Site) microwave using larger dishes for longer shots. Licensed. Used early on, but the limitations in bandwidth and the large dish size have made them less attractive to modern sites. The dishes are over 6 feet and over. However, the FCC will allow 3-foot dishes in some situations. The limitations are the spectrum, licensing, and potential interference. The FCC did allow larger channels, but the current licenses in the US make it hard to get larger channels. Antenna size is an issue, but because the propagation of 6GHz is great, meaning it can travel far, it makes it hard to license without causing someone else problems. It was great with voice channels when they could travel great distances. Public safety in rural areas relies heavily on this because many of their sites are spread out.<\/li>\n<li>11GHz range \u2013 generally used for midrange shots. Point to point LOS microwave using mid-size dishes, around 4 foot or so, but the FCC will allow 2-foot dishes. Licensed. Used extensively I the past and is a good midrange solution. The FCC was going to allow smaller dishes, but this band usage is high and very dense in the USA. The throughput is just over 200Mbps if properly engineered.<\/li>\n<li>18GHz range \u2013 generally used for short to midrange shots. Point to point LOS microwave using 1 to 4-foot dishes. Licensed. These are an attractive solution with high bandwidth. Do the engineering because these links are heavily affected by weather, specifically, rain. Bandwidth through these links could be 100Mbps up to just over 300Mbps<\/li>\n<li>23GHzrange \u2013 generally for very short hops. Licensed. Point to point LOS microwave using smaller dishes, around 1 to 4 foot. High throughput, 100Mbps and up. Very prone to rain degradation. Very easy to license in the USA.<\/li>\n<li>24GHz range \u2013 generally used for short hops. Point to point LOS microwave using 1-foot dishes could go down to 8 inches. Not licensed, very easy to license. With a throughput of 100Mbps, some companies can get this band to over 700Mbps with proper engineering, but rain is a factor when it comes to engineering these links. Very limited on distance. Interference is usually low because of the propagation properties of this spectrum. This spectrum is good for short hops.<\/li>\n<li>2.4GHz and 5.8GHz range \u2013 the ISM band used for short hops, (although I have seen companies connect 15 to 20-mile links). Could be PTP or PTMP. Could be LOS or Near LOS or in some cases non-LOS. Not licensed. This sub 6GHz license free spectrum is a popular choice among non-carriers because the spectrum is free and the hardware is cost-effective using smaller dishes (or panels) which are easy to install and setup. No license makes it easy to deploy anywhere, and the low-cost equipment makes it affordable to deploy anywhere. A short hop solution but there are claims that are using the right size dishes that it can be a long-haul solution. The downside is that it&#8217;s prone to interference because anyone can put them up or any Wi-Fi hotspot may affect it. They are easy to deploy. Throughput varies on the engineering but generally, 10Mbps to 150Mbps. I have seen more throughput, but it takes the right design and engineering to get it.<\/li>\n<li>E-band 71-76GHz and 81 \u2013 86GHz range \u2013 generally for very short distances, prone to weather issues. Dishes are very small, under 2 foot. Point to point hops.\u00a0 Licensed links, but light licensed, so getting the license is very easy in the US and Europe. These are a popular choice for short hops that could need up to 1Gbps of throughput. Very high throughput looks like a fiber connection.<\/li>\n<li>60GHz \u2013 generally for very short hops. Point to point, but there is talk of a multi-point product coming out. Dishes are 6 inches to 2 foot. Throughput is very high, over 1Gbps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc472662206\"><\/a>When is Microwave used\/not used?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Microwave is a cost-effective alternative to fiber, but can only be used in specific cases. Your paying for the hardware, so CapEx is higher. The OpEx is lower because the only reoccupying cost is license renewal and tower rent if you\u2019re paying it, and maintenance.<\/li>\n<li>Microwave works for macro and small cells for backhaul or fronthaul.<\/li>\n<li>Microwave does have its drawbacks because it is a limited solution, although a very cost-effective one if you\u2019re looking at OpEx.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So, when looking at fronthaul or backhaul you have:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Router.<\/li>\n<li>A connection from point a to point b, fiber, microwave, or copper.<\/li>\n<li>Switch (if needed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>What is LTE UE backhaul?<\/h2>\n<p>It is backhaul that uses the carrier\u2019s spectrum, just like the UE, User Equipment, your smartphone. If you have ever used your smartphone as a Wi-Fi hotspot, then you know the concept, using the carrier&#8217;s backhaul to create a new hotspot. Now imagine taking your usage and multiply by hundreds or thousands of megabits. The UE backhaul device in something that will use the carrier\u2019s LTE spectrum for backhaul. This is something that is commonly used for internet access when there is no Wi-Fi available. The carriers all sell these units and many of today\u2019s smartphones do something similar. However, they just use the standard signal. Using it for a tiny hotspot and for an eNodeB are 2 different things.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s talk hotspot. Many vendors provide equipment that a user can add coverage quickly and easily. It is a quick Wi-Fi connection to the internet using the carrier\u2019s LTE to connect to the internet. Everyone has Wi-Fi, and there are devices that create an instant hotspot. Verizon has the Mi-Fi, or you can use your smartphone as a hotspot. Every carrier has a wireless modem that you will provide a Wi-Fi hotspot. I think anyone who is reading this knows about the hotspots. I thought it would be a good example to get started.<\/p>\n<p>What is a cell extender? There is a practice where many carriers will use a cell extender that will have a UE relay backhaul to extend the signal. This is also like a smartphone hotspot or a Mi-Fi unit because it was just to help a few customers but extends the carrier&#8217;s signal instead of Wi-Fi. This is a type of repeater to extend the macro\u2019s signal, a cell extender. This is a way for the carrier to extend the coverage just a little bit farther. It\u2019s a way to provide coverage someplace quickly and easily. These were common in 2G, 3G, and now LTE. It is a simple and quick way to install a repeater to extend carrier coverage down an ally. In the old days of DAS, this is what they did. They would take the signal where it was strong or use an antenna and amplifier to increase the strength to get it into a dead spot. People paid a lot of money for these systems.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s not a simple cell extender, and let me tell you why. Now you are talking about putting the small cell in an area where there is a loading issue. This goes beyond coverage. The data and spectrum usage could go through the roof! If you set it up like a cell extender with backhaul to the macro site, then guess what! You will see an overloaded macro sector! The macro not only has to deal with all its users but all the small cell or Mini macro users too. This sucks up all the spectrum and bandwidth for that sector.\u00a0 What can be done? Read on!<\/p>\n<p>I am bringing this up because now there is talk about using the UE backhaul for small cells, mini-macros, and macro cell sites. It\u2019s making a more powerful cell extender. It sounds like a great idea on the surface. This is a cheap, quick and easy backhaul. However, what is the drawback? It\u2019s not as easy as you think, the carrier needs to set up the donor site properly. I mentioned it earlier, and it is not something you just throw out there to feed a cell site. It draws a ton of data. \u00a0It sounds like a great idea on the surface. It looks like a cheap, quick and easy backhaul.<\/p>\n<p>The donor site needs to break the bottleneck. You need to dedicate spectrum in the macro eNodeB that will be feeding the UE backhaul. This will alleviate the spectrum usage for the regular users on the macro sector. We don\u2019t want them to get knocked off if the small cell US backhaul overloads the macro. This will make it so that the users on the macro don\u2019t get shut knocked off if the small cell pulls the entire spectrum of its users. This will allow the small cell UE backhaul to have a dedicated pipe. It needs to have dedicated spectrum for this purpose. Then the small cell will know how much backhaul spectrum it has to available. By the way, not an easy change, changes in the eNodeB and possibly the core need to be considered as well as neighboring sites. This \u201cdedicated backhaul spectrum\u201d needs to be set aside for this sector and others too. It takes some planning and changes.<\/p>\n<p>You could still have the data bottleneck at the macro\u2019s backhaul. That\u2019s another issue that needs planning.<\/p>\n<p>So now you dedicated part of the band to the UE backhaul, which seems OK. Remember that the carrier paid a lot of money for that spectrum and now they are choosing to use it for backhaul. So the pipe is limited based on coverage and availability. It is a quick and easy to add UE backhaul, but is this the best use of the spectrum? Will you lose something in this backhaul? Yes, you have delay issues, timing issues, and neighbor issues. All of this is a problem when building a site for any type of real loading. Go to the links below to learn more.<\/p>\n<p>However, what\u2019s the real issue? Is it all the problems I mentioned above? They are all technical issues that good engineers will resolve. This appears to be a cheap and quick solution. But that\u2019s not the real issue, is it? The carriers paid a crap ton of money for spectrum. Is backhaul a smart way to use this resource? Is that billion-dollar investment there to save some CapEx for the company? I thought it was for the customers! Backhaul could have been something in the unlicensed band for a lot less money. It could be a fiber link for more money. Is this an easy out or will it cause problems down the road because the spectrum is only going to get more and more valuable? Do investors want to see that spectrum used this way?\u00a0 I don\u2019t see the auctions being a cheap alternative to providing backhaul.<\/p>\n<p>So just because it looks cheap and easy doesn\u2019t mean it\u2019s a good move strategically. Don\u2019t get me wrong; the UE relays, the repeaters serve an important purpose for coverage and filling holes, I am just saying be strategic and think it through. For more information hit the links below to learn about these solutions.<\/p>\n<p>If delays were lower, this would be a great technology for fronthaul, now that would be something!<\/p>\n<h2>Resources:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nttdocomo.co.jp\/english\/binary\/pdf\/corporate\/technology\/rd\/technical_journal\/bn\/vol12_2\/vol12_2_029en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nttdocomo.co.jp\/english\/binary\/pdf\/corporate\/technology\/rd\/technical_journal\/bn\/vol12_2\/vol12_2_029en.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/lteworld.org\/blog\/introduction-relay-nodes-lte-advanced\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/lteworld.org\/blog\/introduction-relay-nodes-lte-advanced<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/wireless.skku.edu\/english\/UserFiles\/File\/1569472705.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/wireless.skku.edu\/english\/UserFiles\/File\/1569472705.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/res\/docs\/2013\/lte-in-band-relay-prototype-and-field-measurement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/res\/docs\/2013\/lte-in-band-relay-prototype-and-field-measurement.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.interdigital.com\/research_papers\/2012_01_13_system_architecture_for_a_cellular_network_with_ue_relays_for_capacity_and_coverage_enhancement\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.interdigital.com\/research_papers\/2012_01_13_system_architecture_for_a_cellular_network_with_ue_relays_for_capacity_and_coverage_enhancement<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.airspan.com\/products\/airvelocity-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.airspan.com\/products\/airvelocity-2\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cradlepoint.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.cradlepoint.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Be smart, be safe, and pay attention!<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><div data-test='contact-form'\n\t\t\tid='contact-form-26282'\n\t\t\tclass='jetpack-contact-form-container '\n\t\t\tdata-wp-interactive='jetpack\/form' data-wp-context='{\"formId\":\"26282\",\"formHash\":\"d31e05ad84cf6b8a12319f687e4ba7fc44c444df\",\"showErrors\":false,\"errors\":[],\"fields\":[],\"isMultiStep\":false,\"useAjax\":false,\"submissionData\":null,\"formattedSubmissionData\":[],\"submissionSuccess\":false,\"submissionError\":null,\"elementId\":\"jp-form-d31e05ad84cf6b8a12319f687e4ba7fc44c444df\",\"isSingleInputForm\":false,\"isForcedHorizontal\":false}'\n\t\t\tdata-wp-watch--scroll-to-wrapper=\"callbacks.scrollToWrapper\"\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"contact-form-submission contact-form-ajax-submission\" data-wp-bind--aria-hidden=\"state.isSuccessMessageAriaHidden\" data-wp-class--submission-success=\"context.submissionSuccess\" id=\"contact-form-success-d31e05ad84cf6b8a12319f687e4ba7fc44c444df\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"contact-form-success-header-d31e05ad84cf6b8a12319f687e4ba7fc44c444df\"><p class=\"go-back-message\"><a class=\"link\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.goBack\" href=\"\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26282\">\u2190 Back<\/a><\/p><h4 data-wp-bind--aria-hidden=\"state.isSuccessMessageAriaHidden\" id=\"contact-form-success-header-d31e05ad84cf6b8a12319f687e4ba7fc44c444df\">Thank you for your response. \u2728<\/h4>\n\n<template data-wp-each--submission=\"context.formattedSubmissionData\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jetpack_forms_contact-form-success-summary\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"field-name-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"field-type-icon\" 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clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M6.98331 3.0947C7.42933 2.30177 8.57096 2.30177 9.01698 3.09469L13.8771 11.7349C14.3145 12.5126 13.7525 13.4735 12.8602 13.4735H3.14004C2.24774 13.4735 1.68575 12.5126 2.12321 11.7349L6.98331 3.0947ZM8.14541 3.58496C8.08169 3.47168 7.9186 3.47168 7.85488 3.58496L2.99478 12.2251C2.93229 12.3362 3.01257 12.4735 3.14004 12.4735H12.8602C12.9877 12.4735 13.068 12.3362 13.0055 12.2251L8.14541 3.58496Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span data-wp-text=\"state.errorMessage\" id=\"g26282-comment-textarea-error-message\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<p class='contact-submit'>\n<div class=\"contact-form__error\" data-wp-class--show-errors=\"state.showFormErrors\"><span class=\"contact-form__warning-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"contact-form__error-message\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.focusOnValidationError\" data-wp-text=\"state.getFormErrorMessage\"><\/span><ul aria-label=\"Form errors\">\n\t\t\t\t<template data-wp-each=\"state.getErrorList\" data-wp-key=\"context.item.id\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<li><a data-wp-bind--href=\"context.item.anchor\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.scrollIntoView\" data-wp-text=\"context.item.label\"><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/template>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul><\/div><div class=\"contact-form__error\" data-wp-class--show-errors=\"state.showSubmissionError\" data-wp-text=\"context.submissionError\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.focusOnSubmissionError\"><\/div>\t\t<button type='submit' class='pushbutton-wide'>Submit<\/button>\t\t<input type='hidden' name='contact-form-id' value='26282' \/>\n\t\t<input type='hidden' name='action' value='grunion-contact-form' \/>\n\t\t<input type='hidden' name='contact-form-hash' value='d31e05ad84cf6b8a12319f687e4ba7fc44c444df' \/>\n\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_1\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"9\"\/><script>document.getElementById( \"ak_js_1\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );<\/script><\/p><\/form>\n<\/div><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/wadesarver.com\/scope-work-training\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/SOW-Training-Cover-624x351.jpg?resize=267%2C149\" alt=\"SOW Training Cover\" width=\"267\" height=\"149\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/wadesarver.com\/scope-work-training\/\" target=\"_blank\">Do you know what to put in your SOW, the details needed to get paid for milestones or job completion?\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The foundations below do beautiful work, helping families in their time of need. Climbers often get seriously injured or die on the job. The foundations below support those families in their time of greatest need!\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hubblefoundation.org\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-40942 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/wade4wireless.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/06\/official-logo.jpg?w=300&#038;resize=296%2C142\" alt=\"official logo\" width=\"296\" height=\"142\" \/><\/a>Hubble Foundation helps the families of climbers in time of need!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.towerfamilyfoundation.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25020\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25020 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/tower-family-foundation-e1447069656192.png?resize=212%2C237&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"tower-family-foundation-e1447069656192\" width=\"212\" height=\"237\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Tower Family Foundation supports the families r tower climbers at the time of crisis when a climber falls.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<!--powerpress_player--><div class=\"powerpress_player\" id=\"powerpress_player_9794\"><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-26282-3\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3?_=3\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3\">http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/div><p class=\"powerpress_links powerpress_links_mp3\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1px !important;\">Podcast: <a href=\"http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3\" class=\"powerpress_link_pinw\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Play in new window\" onclick=\"return powerpress_pinw('https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/?powerpress_pinw=26282-podcast');\" rel=\"nofollow\">Play in new window<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3\" class=\"powerpress_link_d\" title=\"Download\" rel=\"nofollow\" download=\"Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3\">Download<\/a> | <a href=\"#\" class=\"powerpress_link_e\" title=\"Embed\" onclick=\"return powerpress_show_embed('26282-podcast');\" rel=\"nofollow\">Embed<\/a><\/p><p class=\"powerpress_embed_box\" id=\"powerpress_embed_26282-podcast\" style=\"display: none;\"><input id=\"powerpress_embed_26282-podcast_t\" type=\"text\" value=\"&lt;iframe width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;30&quot; src=&quot;https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/?powerpress_embed=26282-podcast&amp;amp;powerpress_player=mediaelement-audio&quot; title=&quot;Blubrry Podcast Player&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot;&gt;&lt;\/iframe&gt;\" onclick=\"javascript: this.select();\" onfocus=\"javascript: this.select();\" style=\"width: 70%;\" readOnly><\/p><p class=\"powerpress_links powerpress_subscribe_links\">Subscribe: <a href=\"https:\/\/itunes.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/wade4wireless-blogcast\/id884500168?mt=2&amp;ls=1#episodeGuid=http%3A%2F%2Fwadesarver.com%2FPodcast%2F%3Fp%3D26282\" class=\"powerpress_link_subscribe powerpress_link_subscribe_itunes\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Subscribe on Apple Podcasts\" rel=\"nofollow\">Apple Podcasts<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/feed\/podcast\/\" class=\"powerpress_link_subscribe powerpress_link_subscribe_rss\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Subscribe via RSS\" rel=\"nofollow\">RSS<\/a><\/p><p>http:\/\/media.blubrry.com\/wade4wireless\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Commercial-5G-RAN-Backhaul-and-Fronthaul-Overview.mp3Podcast: Play in new window | Download | EmbedSubscribe: Apple Podcasts | RSS &nbsp; Here it is &#8220;The 5G Deployment Plan&#8221; available now! When looking at the RAN you may not think of backhaul or fronthaul as a component, but it is a critical one. Think about it, without backhaul you have no connection to &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/2017\/01\/commercial-5g-ran-backhaul-and-fronthaul-overview\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Commercial 5G RAN Backhaul and Fronthaul Overview<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26291,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3],"tags":[37,38,39,453,678,368,680,679,454],"class_list":["post-26282","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wade4wireless-blogcast","tag-3g","tag-4g","tag-5g","tag-backhaul","tag-carrier-ran","tag-fronthaul","tag-microwave","tag-riber","tag-ue-backhaul"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/RAN-Backhaul-Options.jpg?fit=1280%2C720&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4GfTR-6PU","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":27474,"url":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/2018\/04\/cell-backhaul-and-midhaul-and-fronthaul\/","url_meta":{"origin":26282,"position":0},"title":"Cell Backhaul and Midhaul and Fronthaul","author":"Wade","date":"April 1, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"What is fronthaul? What is midhaul? How can they become cost-effective? Is there more than fiber? One of the significant barriers to rolling out wireless sites has been backhaul. You would think that fiber is everywhere, but when it comes to deploying fiber to a pole or remote location, it\u2019s\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Wade4Wireless BlogCast&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Wade4Wireless BlogCast","link":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/category\/wade4wireless-blogcast\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":27708,"url":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/2018\/08\/do-you-know-the-history-of-fronthaul\/","url_meta":{"origin":26282,"position":1},"title":"Do you know the history of fronthaul?","author":"Wade","date":"August 19, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"I am not sure how long you\u2019ve been in the radio business, but the systems of old didn\u2019t use CAT5 for the fronthaul connection. In fact, they didn\u2019t think it could survive on a tower out in the weather. CAT5 was not known to be used outdoors, and everyone thought\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Wade4Wireless BlogCast&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Wade4Wireless BlogCast","link":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/category\/wade4wireless-blogcast\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Fronthaul-Midhaul-Backhaul.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":27498,"url":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/2018\/04\/would-you-deploy-small-cells-or-cran\/","url_meta":{"origin":26282,"position":2},"title":"Would you Deploy Small Cells or CRAN?","author":"Wade","date":"April 15, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"This is an ongoing question that many people have been asking, with the shape of the industry rounding out to be 5G and massive MIMO, we will see where each application works and why. If you were to make an investment with your limited budget, what would it be, small\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Wade4Wireless BlogCast&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Wade4Wireless BlogCast","link":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/category\/wade4wireless-blogcast\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":27465,"url":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/2018\/03\/are-carrier-macro-sites-the-new-edge-data-center\/","url_meta":{"origin":26282,"position":3},"title":"Are Carrier Macro Sites the new Edge Data Center?","author":"Wade","date":"March 19, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Macro sites, like data centers, need larger backhaul! When looking at macro sites, I think we can all agree that 1Gbps is no longer sufficient except many in a very small community where they are just happy to have coverage. The reality, everyone judges the coverage on download and upload\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Wade4Wireless BlogCast&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Wade4Wireless BlogCast","link":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/category\/wade4wireless-blogcast\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":27471,"url":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/2018\/03\/increase-small-cell-value\/","url_meta":{"origin":26282,"position":4},"title":"Increase Small Cell Value","author":"Wade","date":"March 26, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Increase Small Cell Value Will Small Cells work with IOT and become the FOG edge? Could a small server be put in small cells to control IOT and act as a FOG server? Could IOT feed small cell growth? Make small cells part of the 5G solution. Did you think\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Wade4Wireless BlogCast&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Wade4Wireless BlogCast","link":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/category\/wade4wireless-blogcast\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/The-Art-of-Solutioning-mp3-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":27967,"url":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/2018\/12\/an-insiders-view-to-sdn-vlan-and-oran\/","url_meta":{"origin":26282,"position":5},"title":"An Insiders View to SDN, vLAN and oRAN","author":"Wade","date":"December 20, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"OK, we\u2019re talking wireless telecom here. Let\u2019s cover some acronyms first. Radio Access Network = RANOpen RAN = oRANVirtual RAN = vRANConcentrated RAN = CRANSoftware Defined Networking = SDNbove Ground Level = AGL How do they tie together? I will tell you. I was reading AGL magazine, http:\/\/www.aglmediagroup.com\/current-issue\/, actually, I\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"#ORAN\"","block_context":{"text":"#ORAN","link":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/tag\/oran\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Logo-Wade-TechFecta-Wade4Wireless.jpg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Logo-Wade-TechFecta-Wade4Wireless.jpg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Logo-Wade-TechFecta-Wade4Wireless.jpg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Logo-Wade-TechFecta-Wade4Wireless.jpg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26282","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26282"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26282\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26363,"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26282\/revisions\/26363"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26291"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26282"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26282"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wadesarver.com\/Podcast\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}