Tag Archives: 5G

How will Tech differentiate Carriers Going Forward?

Does Wi-Fi need an exit strategy after 5G is released?

This is a legitimate question if 5G does all that they say it does. We already know that 4G will have an exit strategy. We see LTE going away once all carriers convert their systems to 5G, maybe in 2024 or 2025. What about Wi-Fi?

Small Cell Cover 4

Why am I bringing this up? Because I read an article at the link below, that mentions an exit strategy for Wi-Fi.

It talks about using private LTE as an exit strategy for Wi-Fi. I believe that they are showing that an enterprise can have a license free or better yet a lightly licensed CBRS LTE system. They don’t need to have an open system but something that is licensed, somewhat protected, and efficient. Maybe it’s something that the smartphone can use seamlessly with the carrier’s LTE system.

I think that Ruckus and SpiderCloud are going to push the initiative. Why not, it’s a professional system that is slightly better than Wi-Fi. However, many enterprise love Wi-Fi and they are eager to try the 60GHz spectrum.

I can’t wait to see what happens with Wi-Fi, but 5G should be a game changer, and I truly believe that 5G as license free and lightly licensed will be there next big push. Why wouldn’t it? It makes sense to have 5G in all spectrums. That is the way the OEMs and the carriers were going for LTE. Now that there’s something new they should jump to 5G immediately for all spectrums. One technology will make life so much easier.

Also, Qualcomm would be pleased to have licensing of the 5G NR in everything. They would make so much money! There needs to be some competition for 5G.

I think that 5G is an expectation of all systems. Sprint is rolling out 5G in their new massive MIMO system from the start. Article below.

Sprint knows that 5G is going to take over the world and for the first time in a long time they are making a smart technology decision to move ahead. I am only pointing out the WiMAX and Nextel systems that they had to retire. I would imagine they lost a lot of money on both gambles. Anyway, I digress.

The massive MIMO is something that T-Mobile talked about, and the spectrum that Sprint has in 2.5GHz is perfect to roll out LTE and 5G concurrently. No wonder T-Mobile sees the value in this. They have the 600MHz for rural and the 2.5GHz in urban and suburban areas. They would quickly put AT&T in the dust by just rolling out the new systems. That and the John Legere marketing would force the other two carriers to compete or concede.

Now, let’s look at what Sprint did with the Magicbox, WOW! They seem to have all aspects covered, don’t they?

When they have 5G available, will they care as much about Wi-Fi? Sprint hasn’t played up Wi-Fi as AT&T did. In fact, they didn’t see the value like AT&T. T-Mobile, on the other hand, had great success rolling out the Wi-Fi systems and using Voice over Wi-Fi. However, why don’t they push that as much today? I honestly don’t know, but I would think that they didn’t like it as much as they had hoped. Although, it was very popular.

What technology will survive, 5G, LTE, or Wi-Fi?

So which is it? Which one will be around in the year 2025? Will they all be here? Will we be looking at Wi-Fi and 5G and talking about the demise of LTE? Will we just compare 5G to the next thing?

These should be a consideration to futurist. Today, those questions don’t matter. In fact, all we care about is seeing which 5G system will come out first. We are all hoping to see the first 5G smartphones roll out. Then, I would think we would look for the cost-effective chipsets that could be installed into laptops, tablets, and other devices. Not to mention IOT systems that are super cheap.

I guess I am way ahead of myself. To be honest, we need to get through the 5G lab and FIT, right? I am confident it will happen for both FWA and mobility. They need to be released and GA, (General Availability), before we start talking about how great it is.

5G will stumble, all new technology does. But the 3GPP group will right the wrongs, make the problems disappear as they did for 3G and 4G. They are brilliant people and will make 5G better than anything before. They will have more spectrum than ever to see how far we can push the limits. It’s inspiring.

We all know 5G will survive and at some point, LTE will be sunset. I didn’t think it would happen so fast, but the public is hungry for the new “G,” as well as all the marketing people and the OEMs trying to make money off RAN and small cells. It’s an evolved ecosystem that everyone is feeding off of through 2022. After all, we all have families to feed, right?

When I look at the OEMs and see how they scaled back on LTE-U, it makes me wonder if they have changed course. Will they continue to rely on Wi-Fi for offloading or will they push a 5G license-free format? Could it be they are moving towards LTE-U, but not advertising it? It doesn’t seem that way to me. I don’t even hear Qualcomm pushing MuLTEfire anymore, and there is a MuLTEfire alliance!

I wonder, will Multefire change to a 5G format? Would that be the future so that we can have stood along 5G systems? I think if they want that to happen, they need to start pushing that initiative today or it will start to die as LTE-U did.

If I sound confused, it’s because I am. I mean, what direction are we headed? Will the carriers and OEMs run away from LTE altogether, or do they want to have LTE as the offload technology of choice?

Here is what I do know.

  • Not many carriers are looking at unlicensed at this time.
  • They are all concentrating on 5G rollouts and how to make LTE last longer.
  • They are trying to get VoLTE to be stable and reliable.
  • They also want to sunset 3G sooner than later. Maintaining 3 technologies is a nightmare.
  • They want to find an IOT model that works and is cost effective.
  • They need to find new subscribers and break into new markets.
  • They need to boost income and RPU.

I think that covers most of it using today’s standards as a reference.

Evolution is amazing. Remember when having a laptop or even a Kindle with the carriers chip on it made it more valuable. Now we turn on the Wi-Fi hotspot in our smartphones and rely on that to connect the Wi-Fi enabled laptop.

I would say the main reason for that is because indoor coverage is not keeping up with the outdoor coverage. I don’t see the carriers improving it anytime soon.

Who wins?

If looking at technology, who cares, right? This is about who makes money. The licensing fees with 5G and LTE, they win. The OEMs are making the equipment, they win. The carriers sell the service and add new subscribers for new services, they win.

Wi-Fi, the vendors that sell the equipment, they win. People who install the systems, and I mean more than macro sites. Small cell, CRAN, VRAN, DAS, and all the indoor systems, they win. It’s a matter of getting it out to the people.

I don’t see Wi-Fi being sunset for a very long time, in my opinion, it’s already a winner. Why not go with that.

Differentiators:

I am not talking about technologies alone. Sprint and T-Mobile will have massive MIMO and Verizon and AT&T will have FWA. What will the consumer see? What will they experience?

How are the carriers going to differentiate themselves from each other to the consumer? Maybe they can’t! They are trying to differentiate themselves from the cable companies. They will work very hard to make you choose them over the Comcast’s of the world. That’s the new goal. They want to become even more valuable to the end user who wants a mobile device and a high-speed ISP.

Verizon and AT&T already made one move with fiber to the home. Now they are going to make another push with fixed wireless. The more products and services they can get a person to commit to the more that person is liable to stick with them, assuming they treat them right. T-Mobile made sure that customer service and no contracts matter to the end user. The world has changed.

Let me ask you something though. How do they differ from each other? Seriously, if you switch from Verizon to AT&T to T-Mobile, what changes other than coverage? Maybe the price, but how significant is that. Sprint’s last campaign entirely revolved around that one issue. They said, hey, we’re good enough and cheaper, why not go with us. So begins the race to the bottom. Way to go Sprint!

I think of the quote from Seth Godin that states, “How do we know that brands like Verizon and AT&T are essentially worthless? Because if we switched someone from one to the other, they wouldn’t care.” While this is an older quote, it’s more relevant today than ever because what is the difference for mobile coverage?

Ask yourself these questions, then think about the world we live in today:

  • Do you remember when Verizon was the monopoly?
  • In mobile coverage and in landlines, more or less.
  • Do you remember when landlines mattered?
  • Do you remember when you picked a carrier based off of coverage?
  • Do you remember when you went with a carrier because there was something unique about them?
  • Seth Godin’s quote came from one of these blogs; I included both to make the point about Verizon being a monopoly at one time.

The industry has evolved. The carriers are becoming more and more alike. Sprint is in serious financial troubles even though they are running leaner than ever. The cheaper carrier that’s almost as good, say within 1% as good, is struggling to make it until T-Mobile can take over.

Do you know who your carrier is? Of course, you do! It’s the one who gave you the best deal with the best coverage where you need it the most. It was either your decision, or your company had a corporate deal with one of them to save money.

In 5 years, will it matter? What will the differentiator be? Will you decide based off of technology? You might. AT&T had the iPhone exclusively for a year, does it matter now? Will you choose AT&T because they had the iPhone first? Probably not, I mean seriously, who cares today?!?

The choices you make may be personal, perhaps loyalty to a carrier you’ve been with for years. It might be because you were with a carrier whose customer service sucked so bad or they charged you outrageous roaming fees that you swore you would never go back to them. I did that, sorry Sprint, but you really poised me off! How could you do that to me?

Coverage still matters. I can’t tell you how many kids I talked to wanted to go with T-Mobile, but it didn’t work at their house. Why T-Mobile? Because of marketing! The marketing that T-Mobile does focuses almost exclusively on millennials and veterans. T-Mobile is not stupid! They know how to grab attention.

Sprint did something similar by getting the brilliant Paul Marcarelli to take Verizon’s tagline, “Can you hear me now” to telling me that Sprint is good enough with a better price. To be honest, it worked very well. Mr. Marcarelli is still doing the commercials. Let’s face it; he’s a likable character.

What’s next for Wireless Carriers?

Obviously 5G, but now that means more than just a new G, unlike 3G and 4G. It now means that FWA is going to be a reality with the new spectrum. It means that mobile coverage has the potential to rival your ISP if you live within coverage. It means that IOT may become mainstream and affordable to all companies.

The idea of 5G should open up new offerings that the carriers can sell and compete in new industries.

Think of this; TV will change, it already has. Cable is dying, and internet TV in the form of subscriptions services is rising.  Even if they use their TV, how many people rely on the Amazon Fire Stick or Apple TV, it’s an alternative to cable. Think of the millennials, how many watch anything but movies or downloaded shows on any device? Yes, including TVs. They may use Amazon Prime Video or Netflix but either way, it’s not cable.

The world is changing, open up your eyes. The carriers and cable companies need to see this. Comcast is betting heavy on Wi-fi, is that a good bet or will that become obsolete in 2021? Will the carriers create unlimited packages that run from your smartphone to the laptop on LTE or 5G? If you think it’s not possible, think about how Amazon will let you watch the same show on your Kindle, smartphone, or firestick. Carriers need to offer a similar service where you can have unlimited across several devices, just like they do with family plans on a smartphone, expand that to more than the device. That is the dream!

What’s next for Deployment?

The carriers are going to stop upgrading at some point when the systems are good enough. They won’t densify unless they can get a clear payback. They are already reducing all costs, specifically contractor costs, to keep profits high enough for the shareholders to be happy. They are all downsizing.

Is DAS going to continue to take off? Of course, just maybe more of a CRAN distribution.

Indoor needs to get better, but is that through Wi-Fi or LTE or 5G? What is it that will be the foundation for seamless coverage as well as new private wireless systems for new services? Do you really care who’s system you’re on or what price you pay?

It’s not all doom and gloom. There is a light at the end of the tunnel. Hopefully, it’s not a train coming at us but new services. If the carriers can continue to innovate, like offering an alternative to the cable company as a low-cost ISP. Lucky for them cable TV packages are not so valuable anymore. Think about how many people watch shows, YouTube, Sports, and more on their devices. whether it’s a smartphone, laptop, iPad, or Kindle, they watch more and more on devices.

Will device makers get to have more of a say in the future or will they continue to play catch up?

Will Wi-Fi be here in 2025?

I can’t wait to find out! I hope I’m still working in this industry. Well, maybe not.

Be smart, be safe, and pay attention!

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Will 5G Transform RAN Design?

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I was reading a report from ABI Research, “5G WILL RADICALLY TRANSFORM RAN DESIGN AND TOPOLOGY AS MULTIPLE SPECTRUM BANDS AND USE CASES CONVERGE,” and I had to think about the radical changes we have already seen. However, they were not radical changes, were they? They were a slow evolution of sites. We saw small cells come to life only to become CRAN and cRAN. We have seen the network transform form T1s and DS3s to all Ethernet. Then we saw backhaul go from 1Mbps to 100Mbps to 1Gbps and now 100Gbps.

We have seen edge computing take off only to gradually become FOG computing to lower latency.

We have to see the core go from a fixed regional core to a cloud core.Small Cell Cover 4

Let’s not forget that at one time Wi-Fi was a standalone technology and now licensed is looking for help from Wi-Fi to offload and trying to push unlicensed or lightly licensed LTE and 5G to support them. It’s becoming a ubiquitous network not matter what part of the network you are on.

We all say, “It’s the 5G revolution!”. If you’re in the industry, you know that’s all bullshit, right? We say that because it’s marketing and we love to brag about the latest and greatest technology that will save the world from destruction, or at least make us look cool in front of our peers when we have one of the first 5G devices, right?

It may be radical, but if you’re in the industry, you have seen this coming for a long time.

However, let’s look at the progression of the network over time.

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Spectrum:

We need more spectrum. The FCC granted us more spectrum. What do we have today in the USA?

  • All the original spectrum like 700MHz, 1.1GHz, 800MHz, 2.4GHz, and all the rest of the AWS, PCS and more.
  • All the license-free spectrum, ISM bands,
  • CBRS band,
  • New 600MHz we got from broadcast,
  • The new mmwave like 24GHz, 28GHz, and 39GHz,
  • The really high stuff like 60GHz and 70GHz.

It’s really starting to add up. More spectrum for more services to serve more people in more ways.

Backhaul:

We really need to improve the backhaul. That’s why we use fiber everywhere. Where we can get fiber, we use wireless, but only if we can’t get fiber. It’s all ethernet now. It’s all using faster and better router to lower latency and to have SDN. It has to be smarter than ever because humans could not keep up. We now use a type of AI to define our networks. They have algorithms that make the networks smarter and faster. We need that.

Fog and Edge computing:

We need to have the servers closer to the end-user so that they can lower latency for new applications. I don’t mean just apps, but for the cloud to be more responsive so that Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Intelligence will work better than ever before. It has to be better to that entertainment will see real value in it.

Why entertainment? Because that will lower the cost if larger entertainment dollars are spent on that new experience so that gamers can invest in it to lower costs even more and then, eventually, businesses will use it to lower costs by replacing people to improve customer service.

Applications:

We need new applications to drive new technology and lower costs. We also need more and more revenue coming in to support growth. The old model of adding more users isn’t going to cut it anymore. We need business applications to drive more business and make a new “need” out of these networks.

RAN

We need to discuss more than the RAN: We need to break down the small cells, CRAN, cRAN, macro sites, indoor coverage, licensed and license-free models. Of course, when we say RAN today, it means so much more than just cell sites, doesn’t it? It means the Het Net, densification, backhaul, routing, edge servers, offloading, and more.

The RAN starts at the macro site; they are still the key component. Sprint is making massive MIMO a priority. This goes beyond MIMO as we know it and creates a new era for active antennas. The massive MIMO antennas will be able to increase densification more than ever. This is what Sprint is banking on, having their 2.5GHz spectrum become the go-to spectrum for mobile and fixed. They have plenty of spectrum to use it for 4G and 5G. they have enough spectrum to make mobility or FWA work. They have a key asset there. One that they should have utilized long before 2019. I’m just saying that to sit on this asset is very sad. If they can roll this out, they should have mobility and FWA all wrapped up in one system. This is an evolution that is making inroads to the industry. They are on the bleeding edge of technology.

Another RAN upgrade is that they are deploying 5G radio heads. This will allow more efficiency over the air. LTE has been doing this, but now 5G should open up new doors.

What about the small cells? We don’t hear as much about them in the outdoor play because CRAN and cRAN are taking over. They are making a difference. This is the part of densification that needs to happen to make a real difference in 5G. I am not talking about just coverage here; I am talking about offloading, throughput, and low latency. If you work in RF or Fiber, then you know that distance matters. One of the key components of 5G performance is low latency to run all those fancy apps that we are looking forward to using.

Densification is more than coverage. However, it comes at a cost. The carriers in the US made it quite clear they are not going to foot the bill for small indoor venues. Who can pick up the slack? That’s another article, isn’t it? In fact, I touch on it here, https://wade4wireless.com/2018/11/25/in-building-wireless-the-next-frontier-for-integrators/ if interested.

So, when looking at densification, it’s the macro sites, the outdoor mini macro, and the indoor small cell.

We also need the lightly licensed and the license-free spectrum. These will be built like small cells. They will help to fill the indoor coverage. It’s going to play a role in the RAN network, like it or not. The OEMs have already rolled out LAA and LWA to satisfy this need. The need to get all the spectrum and cells to work together. They need to be tied together in a way that benefits everybody if your goal is to have ubiquitous carrier coverage. If you want a private LTE system, then screw the others and make it an isolated network. Who wants an isolated network? Manufacturing, secure businesses, R&D labs, wireless AI labs or centers, and more. There is a need for private LTE without connecting to carrier coverage, don’t forget that.

It’s not about the network; it’s about being different!

OK, this is something I picked up from a Seth Godin quote that I remember, I had to Google it because I think I heard it in an audiobook, but this blog came up, https://qz.com/work/1461996/seth-godin-does-your-logo-matter/, so I will use that as a reference. Seth said, (notice I said that like we know each other, and he has no idea who or what I am), anyway, Seth said, quote” How do we know that brands like Verizon and AT&T are essentially worthless? Because if we switched someone from one to the other, they wouldn’t care.” Why do I quote this when most everyone reading this is making a living off of the carriers in some way or another? Because it’s true! Look at Sprint, their entire marketing campaign says coverage doesn’t matter, do go with the lowest cost provider, Sprint. Yet, T-Mobile was able to differentiate themselves through “no contracts” and Legere marketing himself as the advocate for the millennials and wireless and through video services.

It is about being the next big thing and loyalty. However, that loyalty is disappearing. Do you know years ago Sprint had great customer service? Right before they merged with Nextel, I was a loyal Sprint customer even though the coverage sucked. Then they merged with Nextel, and the customer service became a customer’s nightmare. They became angry and mean. Many of the carriers had this problem, but I not only left Sprint for this reason and went to Verizon, but I hated Sprint for about 2 years! I mean I told everyone how they screwed me over for two solid years! Then they figured out that keeping customers happy matters and got back on track.

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Why do I say this, because T-Mobile figures this out before any of the carriers! Unfortunately, people have short memories, so what do they have to do next?

Someone has to be different! I don’t mean offering 5G; they are all doing that, so what, someone is first, again, short memories. What can they do to be different? Well, coverage is about the same, densification is about the same, throughput is about the same, what can it be? Can it be the app? Anyone with an iPhone can get almost anything. We can get YouTube, Netflix, Amazon Prime, almost anything on any service.

I don’t have the immediate answer, but I think it could be a few things, and the carriers have to be open-minded, unlike Verizon when they turned down the iPhone for the first time. It could be AI services, free music or movies, or it could be something we don’t know about yet. Unfortunately for many of you reading this, the average consumer could care less about the edge, FOG computing, CRAN, densification, or any of the things that we get excited about. Just ask anyone outside of the industry if SDN will redefine wireless. I would bet the answer will be “huh” or “what?” before you explain it to them. Even after the explanation, they probably won’t care as long as they have 3 bars on their smartphone. Honestly, why would they care, they want bells and whistles, that’s what they are willing to pay for. Honestly, do you see them caring about low latency or IOT? No, they want the services that these features will bring them like AI or a smart thermostat or awesome video of live sports.

For IOT you have SigFox, thinking outside the box to bring a low-cost IOT system across the US and Europe. They are trying to be different and serve a niche. They broke down what they could do well and what the carriers are not interested in doing at this time.

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I admire SigFox because the smaller telecom carriers are struggling to keep up with technology. They can spend the big bucks as the larger carriers do. They have to wait to see what happens; they roll it out based on necessity rather than being first. They have no choice. They are struggling to stay above water.

Listen, this is not a huge transformation, but we need to outline the facts and that it’s been a gradual transformation for each phase and that the OEMs still dominate pushing out many innovators. We need innovation not only for systems and technology but for the business side of it as well. We need to think outside the box and offer customers, maybe a small niche of customers, something that they really want that no one else offers.

Are you up to the challenge? I am trying, and it’s hard. Hard to find out what people are willing to pay for. It’s a challenge to get the word out and make it happen before someone grabs your idea and makes it happen. All we can do is offer it to the world, and hopefully, someone can make it work, even if it’s someone else. Good luck!

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Will 5G be the death of LAA and LWA?

Did anyone realize that moving up 5G may kill other technologies? With all the fuss and arguments that Wi-Fi had with LTE-U, it turns out it may not be so vital anyway, now that 5G is coming. Wi-Fi has such a hold on us that we can’t imagine life without it. But will it be part of the 5G ecosystem?

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To be clear and blunt, 5G NR will be the death of LTE in about 10 years. The real question will be if 6G will be another forklift upgrade or simply an improvement on 5G. Originally, we all thought that 5G would include LTE, I know I did, now it’s becoming clear that LTE is going to slowly, painfully, fade away.

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We needed more and more throughput, so LAA and LWA were born. I know that there will be a new aggregation with 5G and LTE-U, LTE, and CBRS. I would think that even Wi-Fi and 5G may play well together. But what out all the technology improvements made to squeeze more throughput out of LTE?

Well, LTE isn’t going anywhere today. It will need to continue to improve for a two to four more years. It came a long way already. But is LTE-U still critical? Maybe for the next 3 or 4 years. It is a good supplement to the existing systems. However, it may not last nearly as long as Wi-Fi. Everyone loves Wi-Fi and understands it. Qualcomm promised us that MulteFire would be just as easy, but we never really saw much of it in the real world, did we? Device makers didn’t put it in the devices on a mass scale, and you can’t buy the hardware anywhere like Wi-Fi. It just took too long to get to market. The carriers played with it, and we’re looking forward to having LTE in the unlicensed bands. Again, too slow to market.

Will LTE-U fade away or will the carriers push to use it? Sadly, I see it fading away. Wi-Fi backers must be happy, but they were not the LTE-U killer, were they? It was really 5G NR, which ironically, Qualcomm pushed to get out. They also pushed MulteFire for LTE-U. Is Qualcomm killing its own products? However, 5G will have a huge payback, won’t it?

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I think the larger OEMs wanted to keep LTE-U for the carriers. How did that work out? What kind of numbers were deployed? Hundreds or thousands? Probably hundreds if they’re lucky. They should have pushed more cost-effective private LTE-U networks.

When 5G gets built, they will want to have it where it makes sense. So, LTE will be around for a long time until 5G matures. As aggregation goes, Wi-Fi will continue to be the offload whereas CBRS may be the best offload alternative in the USA. Maybe LTE-U will be part of that solution if it is cheap and easy to deploy. So LWA for Wi-Fi may not gain the ground it once did, in fact, it may fade away until they find a way to do something similar with Wi-Fi and 5G.

LAA may continue to roll out but will it be LTE-U or CBRS that will be the player? I am assuming CBRS, even though there aren’t many live systems. Chances are good that the CBRS systems may be the 5G NR format.

For those point to point links, or short multipoint links we have the 60GHz range which will handle high throughput areas in buildings. I am curious how the mmwave bands will play out, I brought up 60GHz because it will be license free, but the carriers are purchasing mmwave in the auctions here in the USA. The FCC is freeing up spectrum for them to grow.  How will device makers add that to their devices? I can’t wait to see.

The question in mmwave, will it be licensed or unlicensed that becomes a bigger player? I see the licensed for the carriers, but we all want to play in the lightly licensed and unlicensed zones because it’s free. The carriers won’t want to play there because it’s free. unless they need to offload.

When we look at 5G, we expect new devices that will handle everything in the 5G spectrum as well as all the legacy technologies. Most devices will need to have many technologies in them like 5G, LTE, and Wi-Fi which all need to work in many bands, including mmwave. Maybe Wi-Fi and LTE-U to work in the ISM bands. Maybe even 60GHz to work in the license-free spectrum. Devices will have more and more crammed into those little packages.

We expect 5G everywhere, and it will mature as well. We expect to see the 5G version of LAA, LWA, and anything else we can imagine. If 5G is as great as they say, hypothetically it shouldn’t need any of those technologies, right?

Listen, the transition will not happen overnight. LTE will be here a long time. Look how many carriers still have 3G alive and working. In fact, they may rely on 3G for voice since they waited so long to spend money on the VoLTE upgrade. FYI, as far as I know, there is no voice solution outside of apps to provide voice on 5G as of November 2018.

The goal is to maintain as few technologies as possible like maybe 5G and 4G. The old 3G is a drain on resources. IT doesn’t happen overnight though, does it? Old technology dies slowly if customers have devices that they rely on. IT’s going to take time and look at how hard it was to kill 2G. On Star and services like that relied on that service being around longer than it was. It’s going to be harder and harder for service like that to keep up. Especially when cars last 5 to 10 times longer than any smartphone.

The wireless ecosystem expands beyond the smartphone. It goes out into all the verticals that are building business cases for it. Just like we expect to use 5G for more than voice communication. We expect to use it for more than internet browsing and testing. We want to build IOT systems, controls AI and AR systems. Are these wise investments I the technology will be replaced in 5 years?

Didn’t LTE mean Long Term Evolution? How long did that last? Roughly 5 years so far and we’re already doing another upgrade of new wireless technology. This 5G was supposed to be a software upgrade, but it isn’t. At some point, we have to stabilize the hardware the best we can, even though the OEMs will hate that. It will eventually need to software be defined if the hardware can keep up with the advances. Sorry, I got off point.

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Back to the original question, will 5G play with other technologies? I think it has to because we’re not just looking at the carriers here. Wi-Fi has been around for decades and is NOT going anywhere. In fact, it can support 5G just not in LWA. I also think that LTE-U and CBRS will allow smaller private systems to be built, whether they are LTE or 5G has yet to be seen. If 5G NR is available to the public, why not build that system and then allow the carriers to roam onto it? I think that’s how the future systems will have to work.

Will private LTE systems start to roll out? Will the carriers still look at LAA to assist the broadband throughput? How will this happen? If 5G can deliver what it says it can.

Here’s the thing, few carriers have enough spectrum to make this happen. Why do you think there is a rush towards mmwave? It’s because most carriers don’t have the spectrum that Sprint has in the 2.5GHz spectrum. They need to supplement what they have. They need to plan for smaller cells to break down the spectrum and make it more efficient for reuse.

5G will need to align with the additional technologies and spectrums.

Also, license free will be quick and easy to deploy as systems grow. Carriers won’t have 5G everywhere until maybe 2023 if we’re lucky., It all depends on what the payback for the 5G is initially as they roll out in the heavy suburban areas.

By the way, when is the last time you read about anything in the news about LTE-U?

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Thank you for your support and your time. And good job on learning all you can in the wireless industry, you are amazing! Now, go out and impress people!

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Breaking down the walls with 5G Open RAN

COP Banners for Wade4wirelessWhen I say walls, I mean several things:

  • Interoperability – LTE has done a great job of forcing OEMs to play well together. Ericsson and Nokia and Cisco have to get along and share parts of the end to end ecosystem.
  • Security – open systems tend to be less secure than if one OEM has complete control.
  • Cheaper hardware – look at Wi-Fi, the hardware is so cheap. If LTE and 5G equipment will follow that path the hardware will be dirt cheap, but there will be a licensing aspect that will regulate everything.
  • Licensing – this is how the OEMs and suppliers will make money going forward. The licensing ensures that the software will stay up to date and security stays intact.

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Most carriers are pushing for open architecture systems. Groups like Open RAN, now merged with XRAN to form the ORAN Alliance, more can be found at http://www.xran.org/news/ if interested. I think they want to drive down hardware costs. They are already pretty low and manufactured in China. In fact, most of the engineering is probably done there as well. Carriers have a score to settle with the OEMs, they want to have more competition. This would be great if it wasn’t so damn hard to get something approved to be on their network in the first place. I admire OEMs for their persistence, at least the ones that can afford to support lab and FIT of their products.

This is good and bad news for OEMs. I would think that the smaller OEMs could specialize in one thing, like a radio head, BBU, or maybe even software that is specific to that function.

This is probably the way systems will be connected. It will break down the RAN much like the carriers have broken apart the end to end system. In the days of 3G, CDMA and GSM you pretty much had one vendor from core to radio. Now, you can have many different vendors in the core because most of it is software driven with COTS, (Common Off the Shelf) servers and routers. Most everything in LTE was software driven except for the BBU and Radio Heads.

Now, with 5G, it may be broken down even more. The fronthaul is becoming interoperable as CPRI and eCPRI become open. Now the carriers will have the ability to use anyone’s radio head, like what digital DAS vendors were doing with Alcatel-Lucent when they came up with CPRI.

Now, eCPRI will open up a faster interface.

Open RAN changes more than the tower site. As small cells and CRAN become commonplace, this means that the carriers could have the vRAN. Virtual RAN and had multiple vendors radio heads out at the sites. They could have a BBU hotel, in the case of CRAN, in one are with one OEM’s BBU system while remote they have another OEM’s radio heads. This means that the system will be broken down even more than before.

The purpose of the Open RAN Alliance is to do just that, to break the OEMs down to a manageable size where the carriers will be able to negotiate the hardware prices down. This has already worked, the hardware is cheaper than ever, but now it’s the licensing they have to work with. Licensing is where everyone is trying to make more money in this software-driven world.

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So, the carriers were able to lower the hardware cost and shop around for a specific product. For instance, let’s imagine a system breakdown, theoretical of course.

  • Cisco makes a reasonable prices cell site router, CSR.
  • Ericsson has a great core solution, maybe that’s how they want to go.
  • Then Nokia could have a great BBU solution; they could provide that.

  • Then Samsung could provide reliable radio heads; they could provide that.

The problem is getting them all to work together. Don’t get me wrong, they will work together, but whenever there is a problem, there will be finger-pointing. You know what I mean, many problems are going to be network related, and everyone is going to point the finger at Cisco. Actually, the other vendors may give Cisco the finger, even though it’s not their fault. Things get ugly when working with multivendor systems.

What happens to fix that problems are that one OEM has a really smart guy that figures out the problem then works with the customer to identify the other players and what they’re doing. It’s hard to figure out sometimes, even if you have just one OEM.

This is why 5G won’t be any different. It’s going to be software driven. The radio heads need to be spectrum specific, but the rest of the system could just process the services and application the way that carrier wants. It may be optimized for specific services. Video data for movie or video for short YouTube videos. Maybe for gamers, they have AR for the users. Maybe it’s for IOT with short data bursts. Maybe it’s sliced to serve all the above.

The carriers have a conundrum; they have to service subscribers that may want just one or all of the services. Whom do you prioritize? The carriers need to find their NICHE, at least T-Mobile and Sprint do. I think that Verizon and AT&T are big enough that they will try to serve all niches. The big boys will be surprised when T-Mobile and Sprint roll out their 5G systems; they will need to find their niches. Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile are putting a lot of eggs in the mmwave basket; we’ll see how that pans out. I hope it’s a raging success, but new technology takes time to be adopted.

So, the infrastructure market will eventually become a cost war. That’s right, a race to the bottom for the carrier that has low expectations. The OEMs need to offer services and support. They will need to stay on top of the costs yet provide amazing applications and reliability. They also will need to provide a low-cost of operation.

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Will we see a Wal-Mart for equipment? I think that we already have seen that with the rise of Ubiquity in Wi-Fi. Will Ubiquity provide carrier class equipment? Ruckus has been fairly successful providing carrier-grade equipment in the Wi-Fi market. They had an uphill battle, but it seems to have been working. Now that CommScope owns them, we’ll see if the success continues. CommScope has many weapons in their arsenal, but can they execute? We’ll see.

But what about control?

How will the carriers maintain control and security if they use too many vendors? Will the carriers sacrifice security for the cost? It seems that way. Look at how software made available to the masses gets hacked. It’s expected in today’s world. So, then they will need to beef up security on their infrastructure for more than what’s available to the public. They will need to worry about an outside force taking control of the RAN and core. While this may not seem likely, think about what’s at stake.

If someone can access the RAN and core, they could mimic what the NSA is doing and track and the caller in that system. Maybe do more than getting free airtime, but actually gain access to secure lines. It’s a potential threat. We rely on the carriers for our security as well as out private information.

If you think about the private information that gets hacked, imagine what someone could do if he or she got control of the core and the system. They could take it down, control users, and tap voice and data conversations. This may be possible now, but in an open system, it may be more of a threat.

With the good, lower costs and higher competition, comes the bad, potential security threats. It’s not all roses in an open architecture system, and I want to make that clear. I am sure that the carriers are weighing the problems as well and the advantages. Unfortunately, the lower cost is probably winning out.

Open the door to disruptors.

One thing I hope we see are disruptors in this market. If you don’t think we have seen any lately, look at what Airspan has done with Sprint’s Magic Box and SpiderCloud has done with enterprise small cells. These companies proved that with patience, tenacity, and a good product you can break into the carrier’s market.

Now with open architecture coming, we should see these and more disruptors entering the radio head market, the BBU market, and the software market.

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I look forward to seeing who can do it. I have already talked to groups that have products, software, and application that could improve today’s systems. The problem is that with the major OEM’s chokehold on the carriers it will be hard for them to gain ground. They need to find their way to the carrier to improve the existing systems. I see that happening in 1 to 3 years.

Resources:

Be smart, learn smart tech at www.wade4wireless.com. For your support, TechFecta offering consulting, tech marketing, writeups, and general guidance. Feel free to hire for the experience and because you like what you read.

 

Be smart, be safe, and pay attention!

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Tower Family Foundation supports the families of tower climbers at the time of crisis when a climber falls with financial assistance and more.

Will 5G NR and LTE work together?

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The answer, of course, is yes to this stupid question. Why did I ask this? Well, I was reading an article by Ericsson about the advantages of having 5G NR and LTE working together, what a novel idea, like who has a choice in this?

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Article found here, https://www.ericsson.com/en/ericsson-technology-review/archive/2018/the-advantages-of-combining-5g-nr-with-lte?utm_source=LinkedIn&utm_medium=social_organic&utm_campaign=TeamEricsson&utm_content=38ae46f4-4fb4-4bd6-872b-a0694d61648e if you want to glance at it. Or, download the PDF at https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/publications/ericsson-technology-review/docs/2018/etr-2018-09-5g-radiodeployment.pdf if that’s easier.

OK, Ericsson, I am a fan of what you’ve done this year. You’ve done great things in 2018, turned your company around and added more and more jobs in the USA, (where I live). I love that because Nokia and Samsung have done all that they can to move more and more out of the USA. FYI – I am pro USA, sorry world, that’s where I live, and I see so many people losing jobs in telecom. Oh, one more thing, it’s the largest telecom market for revenue in the world, yet, all the OEMs want to offshore everything. I think its time for a disruptor!

Now, back to the article. Here’s the thing, WTF? That’s like saying 3G and 4G are better together. Why do I think that is a stupid statement? Here’s why. Any carrier in the USA will deploy them together anyway, and they probably have 3G out here as well. Not just Tier 1 carriers! Also, what about Wi-Fi, they rely on that to offload the carrier’s network. Luckily, I actually read the article.

The title is awful. Not sure who would say such a silly thing or how it could be taken seriously with anyone working on LTE or 5G deployments. When you read the article, it’s much better at explaining that they really are talking about spectrum, Massive MIMO, and planning. I don’t know why they didn’t call the article, “How to get the Most out of your 5G NR Deployments with LTE as the foundation”. Seriously, it makes more sense.

Anyway, let me break it down for you. They cover how 5G spectrum will be either be 3.5GHz or mmwave. That is for everyone but T-Mobile and Sprint. They have other plans which they are executing now. While T-Mobile has fought for 3.5GHz spectrum, they also plan to roll out 5G in the 600MHz spectrum. Sprint is already rolling out massive MIMO in 2.5GHz with LTE. They have plenty of 2.5GHz spectrum to deploy 5G in the same spectrum. Meanwhile, AT&T is deploying 5G in both mmwave and other spectrums while Verizon will use 3.5GHz and mmwave. It’s obvious that mmwave is the choice of FWA.

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The article talks about how MIMO will be a game changer. I am talking about massive MIMO which includes MU-MIMO and beamforming technologies. Who knew that when Ruckus used beamforming for Wi-Fi years ago that it would be a norm for carrier spectrum now?

The article brings out the fact that LTE and 5G will have to work together. No shit Sherlock! This is true, but more out of necessity since hardly anyone is rolling out a 5G only system. If you say DISH is doing it, I’ll believe it when I see it. They’ve done little with their spectrum to date. Dish’s history of wireless deployment is weak at best outside of TV delivery. All that money for spectrum and very little, if anything, to show for it. Although, they finally appear to be making progress in deploying something, supposedly a 5G IOT system. Again, I’ll believe it when I see it.

Spectrum is key because 5G can do more if it has the bandwidth. Sprint has prime spectrum for 5G in their 2.5GHz band. They literally have 100MHz of spectrum in most of the USA. That’s ideal for 5G. It should be a game changer that would allow them to use it for backhaul and/or fronthaul.

I believe that Verizon will also want to use the mmwave to supply backhaul to their small cells and CRAN sites and use it to deliver broadband to end users to create high-speed 5G hotspots. That’s going to be awesome.

Indoor use for mmwave should take off almost immediately, but there are health concerns. Everything I read says the spectrum is safe, but so many people are scared of it. The spectrum is the key.

I bring up safety because that’s a huge question in Quora, “How safe is 5G?” and the point I try to get across is that it’s not the technology but the spectrum and power that can hurt people. Oh, by the way, your microwave uses 2.4GHz, just like Wi-Fi in the ISM band. Wi-Fi can run in several spectrums, today most people use 5.8GHz, but 2.4GHz is still being used. What’s the difference? Wi-Fi power is so low; it’s not a safety concern whereas the high-powered Klystron is hammering 2.4GHz to through food and liquids! Power is the difference, and the FCC has strict limits that the carriers are supposed to follow when deploying on poles. Most small cells are very safe, but the CRAN radio heads could be a different story if not carefully monitored.

Anyway, I digress.

The thing is that 5G will need new spectrum, duh! That spectrum should have enough bandwidth so that we see incredible improvements in throughput and latency. That’s why 3.5GHz is nice, but mmwave is amazing because it has so much more bandwidth. If we can get mmwave spectrum with 100Mhz to 1Ghz carriers set aside for 5G, then imagine what you could do! A lot of broadband stuff! Interactive games, AI functions, near real-time functions and more. How cool would that be to have dedicated spectrum that should be more efficient than Wi-Fi? Yet, if we have dedicated Wi-Fi, it works really well. BUT, you’re only as good as you backhaul, the carriers need to make sure that the backhaul can handle more than 1Gbps. Here is where I think Sprint might fall short. To raise all the backhauls to 100Gbps to handle the new loading costs a lot of money. It ain’t free! And, the reoccurring OpEx will be more. So now you are adding monthly costs to your sites.

How do we cover the increased backhaul costs? We need to load the sites with more and more subscribers! While we all loved densification like adding small cells everywhere. What we really want, at least what the carriers really want is to get as much money from one site as possible. This is why small cells never went into the 100,000s for deployment. They only could handle so many users. How did we overcome that issue? We deployed CRAN, a radio head that could handle all the loading of a macro site sector. That is a game changer. Now we can have very small cells in dense coverage areas that handle heavy user loading as well as high throughout.

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Now, many carriers will call CRAN deployments small cells. That’s a ruse to get them deployed. A CRAN site requires a lot more fiber than a small cell, it is a bigger radio head and has more power and loading. Sorry, I’m off topic again.

Let’s sum this up, 5G and LTE will work great together; it has to. Massive MIMO is a great improvement. Spectrum matters, we need more to do more.

  • Spectrum – the FCC needs to be more proactive. I mean, can I go out and use 3.5GHz CBRS spectrum today? How long did they sit on that, like 3 or more years? What about mmwave? Some carriers are deploying this year. Why does it take the FCC so long to move on spectrum? No wonder there was a concern we would fall behind China in the 5G race, that falls squarely on the FCC’s shoulders. Anyway, we all know China waits for the USA to develop the technology so China can make it cheaper. Business as usual.
  • Massive MIMO systems – Sprint and T-Mobile are working to deploy massive MIMO this year so that next year they can deploy concentrated 5G systems along with an improved LTE system. The antenna plays a big part in this deployment. Antenna systems are very important.
  • 5G – yes, 5G will be live next year, finally! Actually, I’m sarcastic again, no one thought 5G would be deployed until 2020, yet we’ll see it in 2019, a year early. That is working out very well for T-Mobile and Sprint. They committed to these systems.
  • LTE – already deployed and will have to work with 5G. If for no other reason, 5G can’t do voice and if someone has to call 911, it has to default to either VoLTE or 3G or 2G. Calling 911 is a requirement in the USA and 5G has to switch back to a voice system. There have been great advances in LTE like VoLTE, carrier aggregation, and massive MIMO. It’s better than ever.
  • Backhaul – If the backhaul is crappy, it doesn’t matter what technology or how much spectrum you have. If you have a funnel for a backhaul, then the forward bandwidth gets choked, and the systems look like crap. Sure, it costs more, that sucks! Just commit and do it right! Do you want to be the one who has crappy 5G because you saved a few bucks on backhaul? If that’s what you’re thinking, maybe you should have kept those T1 lines! Or maybe DS3 because it’s so much faster and this Ethernet thing is a phase! I bring that up because when we deployed the first 100 Mbps Ethernet system in Maryland, that’s exactly what I was told by all the wireless teams. They laughed at the public library system for deploying an all-Ethernet system because DS3 was the standard. I wonder what they are saying today? Oh, that’s right, they probably all retired!

For Ericsson, they need to do a better job naming their articles or white papers. That title sucks. If you need help, let me know. The information was good, not complaining about that.

Reference:

 

 

Thank you for your support and your time. And good job on learning all you can in the wireless industry, you are amazing! Now, go out and impress people!

Would you sign up for a membership site with private content? If so, email me at wade@techfecta.com and write Membership. 

Do you want an occasional email with free PDFs of these reports along with book and training offers? Read posts like these offline!

Be smart, be safe, and pay attention!

See Ya!

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 Get the Wireless Deployment Handbook today!

 

 

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Do you know what to put in your SOW, the details needed to get paid for milestones or job completion? 

 

Putting together your smart city tech solutions, planning, development, and more…TechFecta! Guiding you to a better plan through consulting!

 

The foundations below do beautiful work, spreading love when all seems lost.

Climbers can get seriously injured and/or die on the job. Support the workers who build and install the wireless systems!

Together we can honor and remember the fallen in our wireless family.  

official logo

Hubble Foundation helps the families of climbers in a time of need and beyond with financial support and counseling!

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Tower Family Foundation supports the families of tower climbers at the time of crisis when a climber falls with financial assistance and more.

The Small Cell and CRAN Deployment Report

Learn about Wireless Small Cells and CRAN.

This report is to help you understand more about small cell and CRAN deployments and all associated options. When you work in the wireless industry it’s hard to tell them apart. For instance, centralized RAN and Cloud RAN often looked at as small cells because a radio head is being deployed on a pole or building all by itself. It may look like a small cell, but it isn’t.

Learn about deploying CRAN, Mini Macro, and DAS along with small cells.

Another thing is the mini macro; it’s just a big and power small cell. It has the form factor of a small cell but can do more. Not quite as much as a macro site, but more than your typical 1-watt small cell.

Then there is DAS. DAS incorporates small cells, Wi-Fi, radio heads all into its system for the carriers. It could be one of these or all of these. DAS systems for 4G and 5G are going to be all digital.

It’s going to help you look at small cell deployment holistically. There are deployment notes, history, and an outline of what works and doesn’t work. This report covers more than small cells to give you a big picture of the future of wireless outside of the macro site.

Get the report!

Here is a taste of the table of contents:

  • Small Cell History
    • A quick History Lesson about Carrier Coverage
    • The business of repeaters:
    • The Business of DAS:
    • The Birth of Small Cells
  • What is a Small Cell?
    • What do People call Small Cells, but they are not:
    • Resources:
  • Why (or why not) Install Small Cells?
    • Deployment Options
    • Indoors (Homes)
    • Indoor (Business)
    • Outdoors
    • Design Flaws
    • Small Cell Evolution
    • Deployment models
    • Top 5 Small Cell Deployment Hurdles
      • Small Cell Development
      • Cost of hardware:
      • Installation:
      • Integration:
      • Leasing with Site Acquisition:
      • Utilities: Power and Backhaul/Fronthaul
    • What is a Mini Macro?
      • Why Install Mini Macro Cells?
    • The rise of CRAN and C-RAN/cRAN
      • What is CRAN and cRAN/C-RAN?
        • What is the difference between a small cell and CRAN?
        • What are the advantages and disadvantages of small cells?
        • What are the advantages and disadvantages of CRAN?
        • How do I choose which to deploy?
      • What about the cost and payback?
        • CRAN systems and costs:
        • Small Cell systems and costs:
        • What’s the cost difference?
      • Would you Deploy Small Cells or CRAN?
    • Would you deploy DAS or Small Cells?
      • Do you need to choose?
      • Will DAS and Small Cells Work Together?
      • DAS and CRAN
    • What G makes sense for small cells?
      • 2G? Are you kidding me?
      • 3G was not hot either.
      • 4G and LTE make Sense.
      • And now, 5G!
    • Small Cell Opportunities
      • Overview by Market:
        • Enterprise:
        • Indoor:
        • Outdoor:
      • The real winners:
    • Why not just put in more macro sites?
      • What about the Massive MIMO Macro?
    • How will 5G that change the small cell model?
      • Extreme Broadband
      • Ultra-Reliable Low Latency
      • Massive IOT Connectivity
      • Outdoor small cell vendors:
    • Increase Small Cell Value
      • Will Small Cells work with IOT and become the FOG edge?
      • Could a small server be put in small cells to control IOT and act as a FOG server?
      • Could IOT feed small cell growth?
      • Make small cells part of the 5G solution.
      • It’s all about the Value!
    • Small Cell Installation Checklist
      • Quick, high-level checklist:
      • Question Checklist:
      • Site Acquisition Checklists
    • Use Small Cells to Build a Private LTE Network
      • Build your own Private LTE Network
        • Why Private LTE?
        • Why would I want a private LTE system?
        • What is the CBRS?
      • CBRS and the Shift in Spectrum Ownership
      • Your Private LTE Network
      • Small Cells in LAA, CBRS, LTE-U are 5G Building Blocks!
        • Carrier Aggregation and Private LTE
        • LAA – Licensed Assisted Access
        • CBRS – Citizen’s Broadband Radio System
        • Carrier Aggregation made this possible!
        • What about the devices?
        • How can this help you?
      • Indoor Coverage Matters!
        • How will we cover inside?
        • Wi-Fi
        • LTE-U
        • DAS systems
        • CBRS
        • Inside coverage summary
      • The Common Carrier Small Cell
      • Mounting Small Cells in the City
        • City Deployment Notes
          • Expense Reduction:
          • Now, let’s look at ways to make money of existing city asset.
        • City Asset Audits
          • What assets can we mount in a city?
        • Acronyms and Definitions

Get the report!

Be smart, be safe, and pay attention to learn!

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The foundations below do beautiful work, helping families in their time of need. Climbers often get seriously injured or die on the job. The foundations below support those families in their time of greatest need! 

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Hubble Foundation helps the families of climbers in a time of need and beyond with financial support and counseling!

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Tower Family Foundation supports the families of tower climbers at the time of crisis when a climber falls with financial assistance and more.

The Massive MIMO Deployment Report

An in-depth look at Massive MIMO

The idea of massive MIMO is revolutionary. The fact it’s going to market is exciting. We all looked at 5G, then overlooked how we were going to get there, solve the problems that 5G is introducing. Here is an overview of massive MIMO and what to expect now that all the smart people have made it a reality.

The report is available at:

 

I have a blog that I pulled a majority of this information from. It served as the foundation for what you’re reading here.

The report starts out with explanations of MIMO then massive MIMO so that you understand what it is and how it will work. It also gives an understanding of why it’s being deployed.

Then the report covers beamforming. This had to be broken out and explained so that you understood what makes massive MIMO so special. This is an extreme kind of beamforming that will revolutionize the way macro sites communicate with the UE device. The end-user wants more bandwidth, but that’s not what they really want. They want steady and reliable bandwidth to their device. Massive MIMO enables that to happen.

Then, we cover the network. What good is a kick-ass wireless link if your backhaul is crap? Not much!

The report gets into more ways to deploy massive MIMO and an overview of what they are and if massive MIMO makes sense. You probably want to consider how what, and where massive MIMO can be deployed. It’s a good idea to see if CRAN and small cells will be part of the massive MIMO ecosystem.

The next section is going to look at how deployment on towers and rooftops will be influenced by massive MIMO systems. I get asked all the time about the tower and how tower companies will react. It’s not necessarily the tower companies that will be concerned about the new equipment. It’s how the equipment is deployed and in what spectrum. How will installers deal with the new equipment? How will site acquisition companies work on this and what new costs will be incurred by rolling out massive MIMO. All of this is covered.

Speaking of deploying, why does size matter and what is the determining factor of size? Well, it’s spectrum among other things. Also, TDD or FDD and why it matters. This rolls into the spectrum section which is just an overview of what is out there and yet to come, in the USA at least.

This rolls into new business models for the carriers. The new business models depend on fixed or mobile systems being deployed. Which will be the 5G focus first?

Of course, there is a summary section to help you look at what’s important.

The end has resources as well as acronyms and definitions. This will help you figure out what all those acronyms mean that you’re forced to deal with. In this industry there are so many terms and groups of letters that twist your eyes when looking at them. Why are there so many? Because if we actually had to say everything in log form we would never get anything done. Unfortunately, by the time the letters are used to describe something over a long period of time we forget what the stand for. For example, LTE. Do you remember that LTE stands for or why it was named that? Maybe you don’t care, but it’s Long Term Evolution. Why that? Because it was supposed to last a very long time as the format continued to improve. That is, until 5G came out and now we say “5G” all the time. Unfortunately, LTE has lost I’s charm to most people. Not to me, I think that long-term evolution is such a cool idea, like something that Homo sapiens should be doing continuously. We should be evolving on a regular basis. I mean our knowledge, not like mutants or anything.

So, read this if you dare to learn more about massive MIMO!

The report is available at:

What’s in the Report?

Below is a quick overview of the Table of Contents for The Massive MIMO Report.

  • Overview
  • What is MIMO?
    • Where did MIMO come from?
    • Are there different types of MIMO?
  • What is massive MIMO?
    • Why do we need massive MIMO?
    • Will massive MIMO be needed everywhere?
    • What Parts make up Massive MIMO in the system?
    • What does the BBU need to do to support massive MIMO?
    • What does the Active Antenna System have to do?
  • What makes massive MIMO special?
  • What is beamforming?
    • First, a quick, high level, history lesson.
    • How does it work?
    • What spectrum does beamforming work in?
    • Who will use it? (Looking at the USA only)
    • Why cable companies should pay attention.
  • The network matters!
    • What about the backhaul?
    • What about the fronthaul?
    • How will the network meet the demands of 5G?
  • What about the extensions of the macro sites?
    • Will CRAN or C-RAN be a massive MIMO system?
    • Will Small Cells have Massive MIMO
    • What about DAS systems?
  • Will Massive MIMO be in the UE device?
  • What changes will tower companies see at the site?
    • On the Tower:
    • On the ground:
  • Will Utility costs change?
  • Massive MIMO Tower Work Overview
    • What is Massive MIMO, really?
    • What about the tower work?
      • What if you swap?
      • What is it’s new?
      • Who decides what mount is safe for massive MIMO antennas?
      • What about the cables?
    • Is it bigger or smaller? Size and weight matter!
      • How Will TIA-222 Rev H affect Massive MIMO Tower Work?
        • What is TIA-222?
        • Why does Rev H matter?
        • Why now?
        • How will this affect new deployments?
        • How does this impact 5G?
        • Resources for TIA-222:
      • Tower Crew Summary:
    • What does it mean for the suppliers and GCs?
      • Who benefits?
      • Who doesn’t benefit?
    • Economies of size with Massive MIMO
      • Why does size matter?
      • We’ll look at what effects the size.
      • What about weight?
      • Is there a difference between TDD and FDD?
        • What is FDD?
        • What is TDD?
      • What about frequency?
      • How much is too much?
      • Larger antennas cost more.
      • How has this changed from the traditional models?
      • But wait, that’s not the big picture!
      • Pros and Cons:
    • Spectrum Options
      • Mobility Connections:
    • How will Carriers deploy massive MIMO?
    • New Business Models for the Carriers:
      • Internet Service Providers
      • TV and Video
      • IOT
      • Transportation
    • Should 5G be Fixed and Mobile Wireless?
      • How does this tie into massive MIMO?
      • What’s the difference?
      • Fixed Wireless Overview
      • Mobile Overview
      • Why compare fixed to mobile?
      • Fixed Pros and Cons
      • Mobile Pros and Cons
      • Who wins?
    • MIMO Report Summary:
    • More Resources:
    • Acronyms and Definitions

The report is available at:

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Cell Backhaul and Midhaul and Fronthaul

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  • What is fronthaul?
  • What is midhaul?
  • How can they become cost-effective?
  • Is there more than fiber?

One of the significant barriers to rolling out wireless sites has been backhaul. You would think that fiber is everywhere, but when it comes to deploying fiber to a pole or remote location, it’s not cheap. If there is not existing fiber, it cost a lot of money. If the fiber at a

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location is maxed out, then it costs a lot of money. See the pattern?

Also, if you need a lot of bandwidth, fiber costs a lot of money each month.

Don’t get me wrong; fiber is incredible! We all love the fact it can handle so much bandwidth in a pair of fiber strands. Amazing! It put a dent in the wireless backhaul market because it is rolling out everywhere and quite flexible. We all love fiber. However, it’s not cheap to install or to pay the monthly reoccurring.

We loved wireless back in the day because we could pay $10K to get it running and it would be there for years. It took up tower space, but it was reliable and a “pay-once” type of deal. Well, it was hard to add bandwidth, if you could at all. Modern networks demanded more than the long-range wireless could supply. It’s too much for them to handle. So, now we get fiber, and we may use wireless as a backup, but the traditional 6GHz and 11GHz links just can provide the Gbps links we need today. The broadband requirements are growing, so the idea of putting in wireless links seems to limit growth.

What can we do? Well, the release of the fixed wireless spectrum may solve this problem. If this is something that can grow along with the needs of the end-user, then it is going to be the midhaul solution. This would be the link between a fixed radio head and the controller or core. See the illustration. We need to look at the fixed wireless as the midhaul and the fronthaul. We also need to look at fiber as more than the backhaul solution. It could be the link for the edge to get to the internet or the midhaul or the fronthaul.

All these connections need to be made. As we add hops, we also add latency. Think of how the small cell or remote radio head could connect to the core and to the internet simultaneously. There may be more than one link at a site.

If the small cell or remote radio head needs a direct connection to the internet, it may not need to be a fiber link. It could be just Get the Wireless Deployment Handbook today!something to offer low latency, so any type of internet connection may be just as good. The idea of that connection is to lower latency, so bandwidth may not be the issue. So, order accordingly, remember that we need to be cost conscious when planning.

Backhaul is the connection to the internet or the core. The core is the hub where all the mobile equipment lies.

Midhaul could be the link between the controller or the radio head that feeds the next link.

Fronthaul is generally the link between the controller and the radio head or small cell. It could be the link from the radio head to the UE device. Fronthaul should be the final link, but not the last 200 meters.

All the same, we look at the backhaul using all means necessary to make the connection to the final radio.  It could be a combination of several links that act as a chain to get the data from the end-user to the core and eventually it’s final destination. Each network will be responsible for moving data from point A to point B using any means necessary. It all works together to ensure that the end-user gets what they ask for.

Cost-effective solutions are what we want. It is not always fiber. It would be any combination of wireless and fiber. As long as it is reliable and allows for growth. Growth is critical in today’s world of expansion.5g-deployment-plan-front-cover-3k-pixels

Being cost-effective means that we need a balance between the payback, (number of subscribers) and the spend, (installation and monthly costs). That is only part of it. We need to know, what is available? If the fiber is not available, you may need wireless to get the site on the air. If wireless is not available, you may need to move the site to another location where something is available. Most times moving across the street can make all the difference. Availability is vital because if you need to run fiber across a street, it may involve trenching and permitting, a hefty cost for installation.

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Reliability is a crucial factor here. In the past, wireless would show errors during a rainstorm. This was a problem because the link would have hi bit errors. The rain was a problem. Fiber could get knocked down if it’s overhead, another issue that has caused problems in the past. Make sure your solution is reliable.

So, let’s look at backhaul, midhaul, and fronthaul as one. After all, it’s all the means to an end. They are all needed to get the data where it has to go, both ways. No matter what the link, it is part of the solution. It takes planning. All I am asking is that you need to be open-minded. We often look at fiber as the only solution, but there are more than one means to this end. We have options, and they are growing every day. Let’s take advantage of what we have and think outside the box. Fiber or wireless, it really doesn’t matter if it fills the needs we ask for. As long as it meets the criteria to connect the end-user to the core.

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Increase Small Cell Value

Increase Small Cell Value

  • Will Small Cells work with IOT and become the FOG edge?
  • Could a small server be put in small cells to control IOT and act as a FOG server?
  • Could IOT feed small cell growth?
  • Make small cells part of the 5G solution.

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Did you think that small cells should be more than radios? What if they could be the part of FOG computing? 5G asks that IOT has URLL, ultra reliable low latency. How would that work? It’s not that hard.  We need to put an edge server in the small cell. I think this is being researched now, but the reality is that small cells are in a prime position to serve IOT markets.

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Small cells are often looked at as 2 things. They can 1) fill the coverage gap or 2) offload the macro site. Now, small cells need to think beyond that, they need to offer more features, and they need to be more versatile.

If the small cell can serve as a FOG node, allowing the IOT devices to have extremely low latency by routing the traffic where it needs to go or responding immediately, then the small cell is more valuable in the system and satisfies a 5G requirement. This is where the small cell should be going. Small cells need to offer more than coverage. They need to be part of the actual 5G solution.

They also need to be creative. When I look at what Sprint and Airspan did with the “Magic Box” and using the LTE UE backhaul for the solution, that is amazing. They were able to make a cost-effective box that made the fronthaul accessible anywhere and used their LTE spectrum for backhaul, and it works.

Carriers were slower to deploy small cells for several reasons, but they all boil down to payback and value. They wanted a cost-effective solution for coverage, but after they got it, it wasn’t enough, and the barriers to deploy were still high, fiber installation and monthly charges did not come down as they had hoped. Site acquisition and rent never got to where they wanted. The OEMs did their part, they provided a cheap unit that works like a cell site, but the other costs were prohibitive. That’s one reason why some carriers would rather deploy CRAN because you have a sector that is control by a macro BBU or cloud controller in the size of a larger small cell. All the features for less money tied into a macro controller. It makes sense. While people see that as a small cell, it Get the Wireless Deployment Handbook today!really isn’t. CRAN could be a cloud or concentrated RAN. RAN is Radio Access Network. This is a standard solution that appears to be catching on with all carriers

Make the small cell more valuable. It has to add more than coverage. Don’t get me wrong, coverage still matters, but in today’s world that is not enough! Especially when looking at the payback. If a small cell, especially an outdoor small cell where there are so many barriers, could add more value than coverage then it would be perceived as a high value-add product.

What small cells should have is multiple features. MIMO is a great start. Then a service for FOG computing features to take the loading form the cloud and core and put it at the very edge of the network. Then it should offer multiple wireless backhaul options, like carrier LTE, LTE-U, CBRS, and so on. If Sprint and Airspan could make the 5g-deployment-plan-front-cover-3k-pixels“Magic Box” work, then the OEMs should be able to make a unit that has more features.

Then, look at what the indoor small cells could offer if they were to take this to the next level. I am not saying they need to put a server with each small cell, that is not practical indoors, but they should have the option to tie to a local server for the edge computing so that it is more than a “hot spot” I mean you might as well deploy Wi-Fi if you just want hotspots, here we will have the LTE coverage throughout the building with edge computing to serve customers, devices, and IOT.

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Let’s not forget network slicing. Here is where the definition of MEC, Multi-Access Edge Computing. I know, you all thought it was Mobile Edge computing, but now, just to make things more confusing, they added Multi-Access Edge Computing so that you can get more network efficiency. It will allow each service on the network to work in its own realm to make each connection as efficient as possible. If you’re in an office and an alarm goes off, you want to get that alarm right away, not after your coworker is finished watching 10 kitty videos on his new iPhone X, am I right?

My point here is that small cells need to keep moving forward and progressing. This is important to the carriers but also to the private LTE systems. At least if the FCC ever released any CBRS spectrum to us, ordinary folks. We want to build systems today. I mean at this point even T-Mobile has to be a little frustrated because it has to be delaying their densification plans.

Small cells could be a key component in IOT growth. The idea is that the small cell can use all of these features to make IOT simple to roll out and connect to any device. It’s about coverage and low latency. Here is an opportunity for the small cell to make a big difference in IOT deployment. Le’ts face it, LTE-M is a great solution for the IOT market. It is something that we could connect quickly and efficiently. Why not design the small cell to work efficiently with the IOT solution that will eventually merge into the 5G solution. Let’s plan for this today!

Notes:

This is great, but we still need fiber. I think if the small cell can connect to a macro site, then the fiber situation is resolved. The backhaul matters. An upcoming post will be about the backhaul, mid-haul, and fronthaul.I am a huge fan of a hybrid backhaul system which includes wireless and fiber because that is what will make the deployment of the 5G solution most efficient. New 5G spectrum will allow the fixed wireless solutions to be a game changer in this solution. More of that to come.

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Are Carrier Macro Sites the new Edge Data Center?

Macro sites, like data centers, need larger backhaul!

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When looking at macro sites, I think we can all agree that 1Gbps is no longer sufficient except many in a very small community where they are just happy to have coverage. The reality, everyone judges the coverage on download and upload speeds in today’s world. Latency is big, but people want to see their favorite cat videos in real time whenever possible.

What makes this possible? If you said fiber back, then you are

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correct! The backhaul serves everything that the macro site can talk to, so it is critical. I think that 100Gbps and up backhaul will be a requirement. Especially in today’s world where a macro site might be the backhaul for several small cell sites or even a several CRAN sites. If you think about it, 3 sectors all talking to many UE devices simultaneously will require them all to have a high QOS, (quality of service). We should make sure they can all get the coverage they need. With massive MIMO rolling out and 5G taking off, we need it now more than ever.

However, we can’t get fiber everywhere. I would like to think that 99% of all the macro sites have fiber by now. This is a key thing for rolling forward. We need to stop thinking of the macro site service on the UEs and start to think of them a major hub, maybe even a remote data center.

Why? The macro site will house edge/FOG servers to lower latency. They will be a key spot for fixed wireless. They are also a connector of CRAN and small cells across many cities. They are no longer just serving the end-user! They are servicing all users, fixed, mobile, and backhaul. We need to change the paradigm of the macro site from a standalone cell site to a remote data center, a “hub” if you will.

So, the backhaul connection to the macro sites in urban areas should be connected like a major data center, 100Gbps and up. They should also be redundant. When I say redundant I think of a wireless connection of over 1Gbps to another fiber connected macro site.

Think about it, the macro site must feed all the end users, small cells within range, CRAN radio heads within range, and potentially fixed wireless customers in range. If a customer of any kind is in range, the macro site could feed it.

If the macro site is feeding all those customer, then the backhaul feeding the macro site is critical and should be redundant. It must be huge, maybe even 100Gbps or higher. Let’s look at the backhaul suppliers as a key partner in any 5G rollout.

Low latency will make it so we should have a server nearby. If thGet the Wireless Deployment Handbook today!e macro site is near a building, then it could be fed by a remote BBU, like a Cloud RAN. This makes sense because we need to put these to work.

I think some carriers are looking at remotely feeding the macro sites because they see the risks at a tower. Lighting, other people at the site working, security risks. All that and the big determining factor, the tower companies will want way more money to add equipment to the ground of a tower site.

It looks like the macro site is going to be more than just a transmitter in the 5G world. I think that massive MIMO is going to push it to new limits. Then we have fixed wireless that would fit nicely into the macro site.

When working with the carriers, you need to help then realize that the backhaul will be critical. They need to plan accordingly. I am sure they are already doing this, but try to work with them so that it’s expandable in the future. They will want growth if the site has major traffic on it. If you can deliver extra fiber, then do it. They will need it in the future.5g-deployment-plan-front-cover-3k-pixels

That’s where this is coming from, the massive MIMO requirements and then 5G all rolling out over the next 2 years. By the way, how long does it take to upgrade fiber at your sites? Sometimes over a year. So, plan accordingly. It’s not a quick thing especially if they must add a new fiber run.

Oh, the one thing I didn’t mention is that most carriers are going to offer IOT services in one way or another. With 5G coming this is going to require URLL, Ultra reliable low latency. To do this, they will need to have MEC, Mobile Edge Computing, or is it Multi-Access Edge Computing, or Multiservice Edge Computing? Anyway, MEC and network splicing, NS will be needed to make this happen. The idea is that you can run multiple applications and networks on the same backhaul and fronthaul. The user that needs high bandwidth is very different that the use that needs IOT services. That why they want to slice the networks in different parts for different services.

Now more than ever, we need to understand how important fiber is to backhaul. We also need to look at alternative methods to connect all those remote sites, like CRAN and small cells. They will be a key factor to obtaining coverage and densification. After all, massive MIMO can only do so much. We will need to connect all those devices and fiber everywhere may not be cost-effective and I know for a fact it’s not quick. Why do you think Crown and ExteNet made a point of getting it to the sites for the carrier? It’s because they know how hard it is to get fiber to a new site or do upgrades after the fact. Forward thinking helps deployments go quicker. It just does.

Like a data center, the macro site will be feeding other sites and may be called on to feed other macro sites. I would think that the carriers will connect many of them with some type of wireless backhaul that can handle over 1Gbps. If the fiber gets cut, they can run on lower bandwidth which is better than being down altogether. We want to maintain some degree of reliable coverage.

The face of the macro site will change, they will be called upon to be data centers in urban areas. They will feed more than mobile users. It is critical to remember that.

I hope you get what I am trying to say here, more data and computing will be pushed to the edge. The macro site will be called on to do more than it ever has before. It is no longer just the link to your smartphone. It is going to be called on to be your small cells backhaul AND your CRAN’s fronthaul AND your fixed wireless connection to your home or business. You see, the macro site is quickly becoming the new data center. Even if the computing may not be physically at the site, but rather at a nearby telco closet where it is better protected. This is going to make or break the carriers in their move to take over more and more markets. They want to compete in the fixed market which is still cable and FTTH, but soon to be FWTTH, Fixed Wireless To The Home.

The macro site is the new mini data center, on the edge!

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FYI – Stephen Hawking passed this week at the age of 74. Talk about a forward-thinking genius. I wish to honor him by saying thank you for never giving up. Thank you for showing us that a handicap does not slow brilliance down but instead pushes some brilliant but makes them rise to new levels. Thank you for the knowledge you shared and the courage you showed by never quitting. I appreciate all that you have done for us. Thank you, Stephen Hawking, for helping us see at a new level.

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The foundations below do beautiful work, helping families in their time of need. Climbers often get seriously injured or die on the job. The foundations below support those families in their time of greatest need! 

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Hubble Foundation helps the families of climbers in a time of need and beyond with financial support and counseling!

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Tower Family Foundation supports the families of tower climbers at the time of crisis when a climber falls with financial assistance and more.