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The Mobility Backhaul Report

May 28, 2018 Wade Leave a comment

This is an excerpt from my latest report Available at

Sellfy (PayPal) PDF https://sellfy.com/p/JY5f/
Gumroad (credit card) PDF https://gum.co/jsuNu
Other formats available here, iBooks, Kobo, Nook, 24S, Scribd.
Amazon paperback,
Soon to be part of my “Secrets of 5G Deployment” book on Amazon.

Costs of Deploying Fiber and Wireless

The thing about running any type of equipment is more than the cost of the equipment and installation. It’s all the other stuff that most magazines and articles won’t cover. It’s the delays, permitting, acquisition, and approvals needed to be managed. These are necessary evils for any deployment. Just ask any carrier. Therefore they are adamant about fighting local jurisdictions for the small cell costs of permitting and rent.

This is all before you deploy one thing, pay for one piece of equipment, or even design the backhaul. It needs to be worked through, and chances are it will be around 10% to 25% of the cost. If you’re talking small cells, then it could be 50% to 75% of the cost.

The Rise of Site Acquisition

Let me give you some history, at least from my experience. When we deployed systems years ago, we had to pull permits for structures we built, like towers, poles, and so on. That made sense and you had to get the permission of all the people around the tower as well as the local jurisdiction, like a tower, township, or a county. However, you didn’t need their permission to put stuff on the tower.

When adding to the tower, the owners generally knew what it could hold and what would overload it, so that was not an issue. Cell systems were very simple, usually, an antenna attached to the tower with coax. No big deal.

Then 2 things happened. Local townships wanted to have a permit for everything that attached to a tower or pole. They wanted permitting dollars for each item on the tower. Even though they knew nothing about it, they wanted to have a say in what goes on someone else’s tower. If you ever had to pull a permit for a home addition, it’s the same thing. While they say it’s to make sure they know what’s in their jurisdiction, we all are sure it’s because they want to tax you more. It’s all about the property tax and what they say it’s work. I mean, if I finish my basement, how does that affect them in any way? Only by the tax dollars.

Then the cell companies and backhaul companies started adding larger and larger equipment to the towers. It became overwhelming. Everyone started putting radio heads on the towers. They started adding full platforms instead of simple antennas. They added more and more equipment to the top of the tower. Dishes had radio heads on them, and cell antennas had radio heads stacked up behind them. Large radio heads, coax, and multiple runs into an antenna. Having lots of weight on the tower that needs to be certified safe so the tower will not collapse.

So not you have to deal with pulling permits, zoning, and paying the local jurisdiction for access to the tower. Most times it was local, and you used to have to send someone to the local board meeting to get permission. Can you imagine? Verizon and AT&T had to send someone to meet with the local zoning commission on the first Monday of each month hoping to get approval to mount their equipment on a tower? Now, take that times 1,000 and you have the reality of how much it costs to send people around to get permission. By the way, you were lucky if they would get to it or approve it in one meeting. You may have to go to 2 or 3 meetings to make it happen, so that’s 2 or 3 months of delay. It’s not that bad anymore, but it was like that for years. All the carriers had to deal with this. Now they just need to pull permits. (This is why the carriers have such an issue with local jurisdictions!)

Then you have all the tower issues, like a structural assessment and mount assessments to see if you can make changes to what is on the tower. Any changes need a full structural done. If you plan you can do the assessment with the proposed future equipment.

For the tower side, this added a ton of cost, and it sparked a new industry, the site acquisition industry. They handle all of that, and they earn every penny for all the work and bull shit that they have to put up with. Many jurisdictions see wireless as the enemy, that is until they use their smartphone to call all their friends to complain. They just don’t get it.

Wireless Costs

I gave you an example of how the costs of doing tower work is not going away. The site acquisition portion has grown while the carriers did a good job of reducing costs in other areas.

One area was tower climbing. The carriers have reduced that by over 50%. However, did they take too much out? Did they drive it down too far? The carriers have driven down tower services to the point where margins are crap, and they didn’t care because until recently they never had to pay anything when a climber falls and gets injured or dies. That all changed in May of 2018 when a jury told AT&T Mobility to pay the family of a fallen climber $30 million. A landmark case and one that will make the carriers think about driving cost out of tower work. Lower cost generally means lower skilled climbers, less training, poor safety gear, and so on. More can be found at http://wirelessestimator.com/articles/2018/att-settles-for-a-record-30-million-to-injured-tower-technicians-family/ about the case.

The other thing that has helped the carriers is automation. While they still rely on drive teams for testing, for the most part, they have automated RF engineering and optimization. This has dramatically reduced the cost and effort put forth.

The labor of any deployment adds up. However, as the work becomes a commodity, the costs go down. So far, the carriers can’t replace the tower climber, but they have been offshoring and automating other services to save costs.

Utility power is another cost. If you need power at the site, which you do, running utility to a site costs money. It could also add delays. You need a licensed electrician to work with the power company to make sure you have the power in properly. Then the permitting and inspections that go along with it. It adds delay and cost to any project. You will need power, whether at a pole or in a building or at a tower site. It all adds up.

Before you mount anything:

Before you mount anything, this is generally a 3-month wait. It’s similar to fiber. Fiber deployments have all the costs of permitting, permissions, and more. They often run into a dig once policy with cities. This is good for the city because they don’t want the streets dug up again and again, but the company running the fiber may have to wait until one or more companies are also running fiber. This adds delays, costs, and competition. If you’re deploying first, you have a chance to lock up accounts, but if you must wait for the competition to go alongside you, I am pretty sure they are going to go after the same customers you thought you had locked up. It is a dog eat dog world out there.

Drawbacks of Running Fiber

The thing about running fiber everywhere is not the fiber itself. It is the costs associated with running the fiber. In fact, anything you deploy has high costs. Building towers and adding a radio to a pole has a high cost. While you may think it’s the installation and design, that is a small portion. It’s all the civil work and the acquisition paperwork that needs to be done to make it happen.

I read a great blog by Michael Dargue at https://blog.cartesian.com/why-is-the-cost-of-ftth-not-falling-faster-five-things-that-dont-follow-moores-law about the costs of running fiber and why it’s not getting any cheaper. He compares it to Moore’s Law, but in my experience, it’s hard to compare services to components. Services don’t always get real cheap unless you can do it overseas.

All the things that need to be done like the civil engineering if you go underground and any structural engineering you may need to do on a pole, that needs to be done before anything gets ordered, much less deployed. These costs have yet to be reduced too far. The companies have done a good job with the bidding and reverse auctions, but it still costs money.

The other thing, like tower work, labor. Again, bidding and reverse auctions have driven the costs down, but you still must pay qualified and licensed workers to do the work. In some cases, you have prevailing wage and union fees that must be accounted for. This is not cheap, and chances are they add to the costs. In some cities, you may have to choose from 2 or 3 companies only because of union regulations. While there is competition, you can’t bring someone cheaper in from out-of-town. The costs remain the same regardless.

Permitting is still an issue, not just for the costs but for the delays. In some cases, I have heard of cities letting a company deploying fiber get a blanket permit for an area. This saves time and costs. It is a great idea. All the company needs to do it log where they attach and send in the qualifying documents. This is a great idea for a company deploying fiber across a city. It’s an excellent way for the city to get the permit fees but cut down on the labor to process all the paperwork. It seems like a win-win.

If you have a router at a pole, that costs money. Running utility power to a pole is expensive. Even if you need to run your own service in a building, this adds cost. It could add delays. Think about all the permitting and inspections. If you’re in a building, then you need to modify the lease to account for power, and you need the permission of the building owner. More delays and costs.

No matter what you deploy:

Costs for utility, permitting, site acquisition, and more all add up. You will need a team of project managers and engineers to manage this. You will need a construction manager to go to the site to verify things are happening per the plan, paperwork, and schedule.

Before companies spend money on any deployment, they have to overcome the hurdles of planning. They need to worry about what and how they deploy, what they will attach to or where, they will bury the fiber. Chances are the end customer will put things out to bid or reverse auction to drive costs down. One thing you learn is that loyalty is disappearing in this new business arena. It’s a fight to get the business then a struggle to maintain margin. All the liability is put on the front line, the installers.

They also need to make sure they have all the hardware necessary up front. There are always surprises that jump up and say, “GOTCHA!” when doing any deployment. On a tower it’s the mounting hardware and clamps, on a pole attachment is mounting hardware, in the ground it could be going under driveways or a street or an electrical line up ahead. These add delays to the deployment. By the way, don’t’ forget weather! For all installations, weather can delay everything. Often overlooked and there is nothing you can do. Weather is a risk you must accept. If you’re just thinking rain, guess again. It could be a snow storm, extreme cold or heat, hurricanes, or even tornado warnings. They all make the deployment stop. They all add delays, and they are all safety issues.

A good construction manager can make all the difference in the world. They can deal with costs, put in an effective system for change orders and be responsive to problems. They can also plan properly accounting for potential problems. It’s all about planning and reacting. They should be able to deal with most problems and have a budget to do so.

Rent Applies to Everything

If you follow me at all, you know that the carriers need to pay the tower companies a lot of money to be on their tower. This is an OpEx cost that they need to deal with. So far, there is no alternative. OK, you said small cells and poles, right? Maybe building tops? Listen, rooftops and building usually have stricter leases and cost more to go into because it is prime real estate. Poles for small cells are an extension of the macro site. Get it, not a cost savings, only additional costs.

However, what about fiber? I mean you bury, it’s free right? The rules for right of way allow it to lay there for free? Well, if they attach to any pole or go through someone else’s right of way, there is a fee. To attach to a pole, you need to pay something to the pole owner. Albeit, it might be three to ten dollars a pole. It doesn’t sound like much, right? The thing is, a fiber has to attach to more than one pole, probably hundreds if not thousands to get where it is going. Now we’re talking that small amount times a thousand, every month. Get real, there’s a cost to most everything. Why do you think to be first matters? You get in and get the business without competition. The cable companies knew how to lock up that business before anyone else could compete. They made deals with the local municipalities and pole owners that would protect them against the competition. They’re not stupid. It’s business.

When thinking of fiber, there could be monthly costs for access to the internet in specific areas, or maybe building access costs money. Maybe they have routers that need power, another monthly cost. It all adds up.

Summary of costs:

I think to go into a deployment we all look at the hardware and the installation costs. This is easy, hey, five grand for a tower crew and the hardware is about 100 grand for the equipment then maybe another five grand for the groundwork. This is a dream world friend. The point of this article is to pull you into the real world.

Here is a sample of the table of contents:

The Mobility Backhaul Report

The Overhaul of all the Hauls!
Overview:
What is Backhaul?
What is Midhaul?
What is Fronthaul?
Do these connections have to be Fiber?
Fiber overview:
Installation:
Permitting:
Competition:
reoccurring fees:
Who benefits from the fiber growth?
Wireless overview:
Spectrum:
Spectrum for 5G Fixed Wireless
System distinctions:
Costs in wireless:
Resources:
What is Fixed Wireless?
Fixed Wireless Overview
Who will provide broadband?
Why does Fixed Wireless Matter for City Growth?
Fixed Wireless could be a key to Growth for Urban and Sub Urban areas.
Unseen Costs of Deploying Fiber and Wireless
The rise of Site Acquisition
Wireless Costs
Before you mount anything:
Drawbacks of Running Fiber
No matter what you deploy:
Rent Applies to Everything
Summary of costs:
Broadband Initiatives for Cities
Primary
Partial
Facilitator
Not all Deployments are a Success!
Smart City Investment
Who buys broadband, really?
Pricing matters!
When Incumbents fight Back!
What about Wi-Fi?
Some States Prohibit Public Networks!
City Strategies for a Broadband Initiative
What will the future hold?
Acronyms and Definitions

Furthermore:

No matter what you deploy, there will be costs that you didn’t think of. That’s normal. How you plan and react will make the difference.

This is an excerpt from my latest report Available at

Sellfy (PayPal) PDF https://sellfy.com/p/JY5f/
Gumroad (credit card) PDF https://gum.co/jsuNu
Other formats available here, iBooks, Kobo, Nook, 24S, Scribd.
Amazon paperback,
Soon to be part of my “Secrets of 5G Deployment” book on Amazon.

Be smart, be safe, and pay attention!

See Ya!

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The foundations below do beautiful work, helping families in their time of need. Climbers often get seriously injured or die on the job. The foundations below support those families in their time of greatest need!

Hubble Foundation helps the families of climbers in a time of need and beyond with financial support and counseling!

Tower Family Foundation supports the families of tower climbers at the time of crisis when a climber falls with financial assistance and more.

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Cell Backhaul and Midhaul and Fronthaul

April 1, 2018 Wade Leave a comment

What is fronthaul?
What is midhaul?
How can they become cost-effective?
Is there more than fiber?

One of the significant barriers to rolling out wireless sites has been backhaul. You would think that fiber is everywhere, but when it comes to deploying fiber to a pole or remote location, it’s not cheap. If there is not existing fiber, it cost a lot of money. If the fiber at a

location is maxed out, then it costs a lot of money. See the pattern?

Also, if you need a lot of bandwidth, fiber costs a lot of money each month.

Don’t get me wrong; fiber is incredible! We all love the fact it can handle so much bandwidth in a pair of fiber strands. Amazing! It put a dent in the wireless backhaul market because it is rolling out everywhere and quite flexible. We all love fiber. However, it’s not cheap to install or to pay the monthly reoccurring.

We loved wireless back in the day because we could pay $10K to get it running and it would be there for years. It took up tower space, but it was reliable and a “pay-once” type of deal. Well, it was hard to add bandwidth, if you could at all. Modern networks demanded more than the long-range wireless could supply. It’s too much for them to handle. So, now we get fiber, and we may use wireless as a backup, but the traditional 6GHz and 11GHz links just can provide the Gbps links we need today. The broadband requirements are growing, so the idea of putting in wireless links seems to limit growth.

What can we do? Well, the release of the fixed wireless spectrum may solve this problem. If this is something that can grow along with the needs of the end-user, then it is going to be the midhaul solution. This would be the link between a fixed radio head and the controller or core. See the illustration. We need to look at the fixed wireless as the midhaul and the fronthaul. We also need to look at fiber as more than the backhaul solution. It could be the link for the edge to get to the internet or the midhaul or the fronthaul.

All these connections need to be made. As we add hops, we also add latency. Think of how the small cell or remote radio head could connect to the core and to the internet simultaneously. There may be more than one link at a site.

If the small cell or remote radio head needs a direct connection to the internet, it may not need to be a fiber link. It could be just something to offer low latency, so any type of internet connection may be just as good. The idea of that connection is to lower latency, so bandwidth may not be the issue. So, order accordingly, remember that we need to be cost conscious when planning.

Backhaul is the connection to the internet or the core. The core is the hub where all the mobile equipment lies.

Midhaul could be the link between the controller or the radio head that feeds the next link.

Fronthaul is generally the link between the controller and the radio head or small cell. It could be the link from the radio head to the UE device. Fronthaul should be the final link, but not the last 200 meters.

All the same, we look at the backhaul using all means necessary to make the connection to the final radio. It could be a combination of several links that act as a chain to get the data from the end-user to the core and eventually it’s final destination. Each network will be responsible for moving data from point A to point B using any means necessary. It all works together to ensure that the end-user gets what they ask for.

Cost-effective solutions are what we want. It is not always fiber. It would be any combination of wireless and fiber. As long as it is reliable and allows for growth. Growth is critical in today’s world of expansion.

Being cost-effective means that we need a balance between the payback, (number of subscribers) and the spend, (installation and monthly costs). That is only part of it. We need to know, what is available? If the fiber is not available, you may need wireless to get the site on the air. If wireless is not available, you may need to move the site to another location where something is available. Most times moving across the street can make all the difference. Availability is vital because if you need to run fiber across a street, it may involve trenching and permitting, a hefty cost for installation.

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Reliability is a crucial factor here. In the past, wireless would show errors during a rainstorm. This was a problem because the link would have hi bit errors. The rain was a problem. Fiber could get knocked down if it’s overhead, another issue that has caused problems in the past. Make sure your solution is reliable.

So, let’s look at backhaul, midhaul, and fronthaul as one. After all, it’s all the means to an end. They are all needed to get the data where it has to go, both ways. No matter what the link, it is part of the solution. It takes planning. All I am asking is that you need to be open-minded. We often look at fiber as the only solution, but there are more than one means to this end. We have options, and they are growing every day. Let’s take advantage of what we have and think outside the box. Fiber or wireless, it really doesn’t matter if it fills the needs we ask for. As long as it meets the criteria to connect the end-user to the core.

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How do we get more Backhaul Bandwidth?

February 26, 2018 Wade Leave a comment

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One thing that the tech industry needs is more backhaul. It’s more than just connecting homes. It’s making each location as efficient as

possible. While business and enterprise need more backhaul, how do they get it? We all need fiber, is there going to be enough? Let’s face it, running fiber is not cheap.

The fiber providers out there have done a pretty good job of putting plenty of strands down. That is until 5G rolls out. Now we need more, more, and even more. How are we going to gain more bandwidth with the fiber we have? Chances are good that we can’t, we will need to lay more down and use all that we have.

FWA = Fixed Wireless Access

FTTH = Fiber to the Home

FTTP = Fiber to the Premise

Is fiber key?

Fiber is critical. It’s a critical necessity of moving ahead, especially with 5G. We need to have fiber deployed to as many places as possible. It needs to be accessible where broadband is needed. Even for IOT, if we want low latency, then we rely on fiber. It’s the foundation of any backhaul at some point.

Fiber is a crucial factor in any broadband access and to any 5G deployment. The question is, how do we extend it?

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First off, why do we need an alternative to fiber?

The problem is the time to lay fiber and the cost. Fiber is costly to deploy because of the process, permitting, zoning, and approvals.

The process is a straightforward one. It is where we must plan what we want, how much we want, and try to future proof what we can. Growth needs to be estimated. Anyone who deploys fiber will tell you they could roll out any time.

Lead time from the factory could be an issue. Depending on what you order and how much, it could be over 8 weeks.

That’s not the real delay in rolling out fiber, nor is it the real problem. Running fiber in a city could be an issue for several reasons. Do you need to dig up pavement, a road, or a sidewalk? This is one issue.

Who owns the rights to the pole? Who can get access? What is the rent? What restrictions do you have on the poles?

Then there is the permitting, which the city may or may not grant you, that is another delay.

Then there is the “dig once” policy. If you want to lay fiber, you may need to wait for 3 or 4 other companies that will lay fiber, so you can do it all at the same time. Also, if the city wants fiber, you may have to do them a favor and lay it with your fiber to help speed things up.

Do you get it? Delays and roadblocks, all part of the process. This is where the cable companies have an edge. They have pole rights. They have a run to every home regardless. They plan the new development with developers. They have the processes and plans laid out. They footed a lot of the expense so that they don’t have to do it again and again. They have agreements with the cities. While they did all this, they are in a good position. You would think they would run more fiber, but what I have seen is that they tend to stop others from running their fiber. So, this will make the cities look at the process and reevaluate what should be done.

How do we extend the fiber?

We are going to have to get creative. This is where Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile have vision. They have the new spectrum, and it will be used for more than the internet to homes. It is going to have a viable business use and for the backhaul to their own small cells for densification. Probably CRAN as well.

However, there are options for the rest of us. The higher spectrums are not all licensed. While they are very short-range, they are good enough to connect buildings, small cells, and other solutions. There is spectrum anyone can use, the lightly licensed and the license-free in the higher spectrums like 60GHz, 70GHz and even 80GHz. Here you can install the gig links.

It’s not just the big carriers, I have installed gig links years back. It works, but it had limitations.
For instance, it is very line of sight, and rain can affect it. Also, it is what it is, meaning that if you put in a gig link, then that’s all that is will ever be. Generally, these radios are installed at max capacity, and the only way to increase it is to add another radio. Please be aware, that all the carriers that used microwave in the past replaced as much as they could with fiber for a reason. Fewer alarms and growth.

In the case of a macro site, wireless can get you on the air quick, but it has the limitations I listed. So generally, people use wireless until they need more, then they add fiber. They may keep the wireless as a backup unless the rent is too high.

Now, the radios cost less, the deployments are getting easier, and radios can do more and more. Some are even allowing for more than 1Gbps, which is what we need. It’s changing the way we look at wireless access.

Who can do this?

Anyone can put in a wireless link. I’ve done it several times. Like many of you reading this have. The key is to make money. If you are in the market now, you know that the design and installation costs are near rock bottom. The carriers won’t pay much, and the OEMs won’t pay much, they look at it as a commodity. What does that mean? It means it’s time to move on and drop that business.

Fiber, on the other hand, is a necessity. So, we wait for fiber, and we pay for fiber. We also pay monthly for it. Fiber is deemed valuable. We need it.

What are the carriers doing to get around running fiber everywhere? Sprint has been using UE backhaul. (learn more at https://wade4wireless.com/2015/10/19/what-is-lte-ue-backhaul/ ) Sprint has been using their 2.5GHz spectrum and putting in very cost-effective links. It has limitations, but it’s easy to install and configure. It seems to work well. Just like their “Magic Box,” same concept and it works for small cells. This is what they intended to do for the small cells and mini-macros on poles they tried to roll out with Mobilitie.

While this is cutting edge, they need to plan out the network to make the backhaul available and reliable. If you feed the backhaul into a site with limited bandwidth, you’re asking for trouble.

Here is where the other carriers could utilize the mmwave. It is going to offer even more bandwidth than the 2.5GHz could because each link will be semi-dedicated for that backhaul. So, one fiber run could, in theory, provide 10 or more macro, mini, and small cell sites 1Gbps. Again, in theory, I didn’t test this or anything, but now we are making the most of fiber. We cut down the last 200 feet run costs. We got the remote cell, business, enterprise, IOT radio, whatever, connected and working on a broadband backhaul with low latency. That is going to free up more CapEx and OpEx money for other things.

After all, the wireless link is also becoming a commodity. It must be utilized the best it can, including every fiber drop. While this is a detail, it is a detail that could save money, real money, on backhaul.

What is the fixed spectrum the US carriers have?

The carriers here in the USA have been sucking mmwave spectrum, let’s break it down.

Verizon has over 100MHz of 28GHz and 39GHz spectrum.
AT&T has over 100MHz in 28GHz and 39GHz spectrum.
T-Mobile has 78MHz in the 28GHz
Sprint has 200MHz in 14.5 to 15.35GHz spectrum.
US Cellular has 10MHz in the 28GHz band.

What about WiGIG?

Here is the unlicensed spectrum, (ISM band), that the FCC released. I am not sure how this will be used, but it looks viable for an indoor solution. I really tried to figure out who is using this.

What is WiGIG? The FCC released unlicensed spectrum from 64GHz to 71GHz, extending the 60GHz band. It is 802.11ad broadband which we call WiGIG. Before we just had the 57GHz to 64GHz spectrum to play with. So, we went from 7GHz of spectrum to 14GHz.

If you’re interested, then go to IEEE’s tutorial at http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/wi-fi/ieee-802-11ad-microwave.php to learn more.

To be honest, this sounds cool, but I am trying to figure out how it will relate to the real world. Some OEM or vendor is going to have to get creative and build use cases around this. How will they use it, what are the physical limitations, like walls and weather? What is the distance it can work? Will it work outside reliably? We will have to wait and see.

Then, if the proof of concept works, what devices will adopt it? Wi-Fi is in everything from your smartphone to your laptop and maybe even in several devices around your home. Like your TV, speakers, iPods, and so on. Someday I hope LTE-U is in everything, but it’s going to take years, maybe decades, for that adoption to happen.

What about the CBRS?

OK, I usually brag about the CBRS at some point, but I really look at that as a last mile solution for the end-user. I don’t think there is enough spectrum, in the current plan, to do much for the fiber extension. However, it would work well for the IOT functions if the radio is low latency. I am just saying; this solution should be used where it is the most effective.

Why IOT? Because it does not require the bandwidth that many other users will need. Let’s separate the use cases. Broadband versus low latency. While the CBRS will be valuable in the LAA LTE solutions, it may not be that critical to fiber extensions.

Just like WiGIG, I am looking forward to seeing the CBRS be on every device, exciting!

How do we plan backhaul?

This is tricky. The carriers know that they must plan it carefully. Let’s look at what they will be looking when they plan. I made a list:

What will this site need off based on population and usage projections?
Will this site feed other sites?
Is fiber accessible to this site?
Is wireless an option? Wireless could be the backhaul or the fronthaul to another site.
If there are feeder sites, what is their usage projections?

OK, that wasn’t so bad, was it? Simple projections will suffice. Your team should know this is going in, but there are always surprises. So, let’s look at more questions to align with making it as future proof as we can.

What is the expected growth?
What is our budget for this site? Looking at OpEx and CapEx around the site needs.
How much fiber is available?
If wireless, do we have the height, mounting space, rental agreements? Also, what would the site acquisition fees be? Was this considered during installation?
Can the lease be modified to add more equipment if needed?
Can the fiber provider give you another strand or two if needed?

It takes some planning to get this right. I didn’t cover everything, obviously, but you get the idea. It’s enough to get you started and to allow you to talk like you know what you’re doing.

Planning is essential, but when doing a mass deployment, you may try to make everything as cookie cutter as possible. I get it, to take that much time for each site may be a problem. If this is the case, five your site acquisition team a heads up of what your intentions are. Look at the market or region you’re going in and decide of what it will take to add FWA or FTTP. Maybe you can come up with simple questions for this as well.

Can fiber be run overhead or is it underground only?
Can we get through the permitting process quickly?
Is there a dig once policy? If so, what is the lead time for the next dig?
Is there room at the site for another dish/antenna for wireless access?
If FWA, is there line of sight to the other location?
If FWA, is UE an option?

There you go, another high-level plan and checklist.

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Commercial 5G RAN Backhaul and Fronthaul Overview

January 24, 2017 Wade Leave a comment

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Here it is “The 5G Deployment Plan” available now!

When looking at the RAN you may not think of backhaul or fronthaul as a component, but it is a critical one. Think about it, without backhaul you have no connection to the core, and without fronthaul, you have no connection between the BBU and the radio.

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Let’s start with the backhaul. The backhaul is the connection between the BBU and the core, not a plug and play device just yet, although the small cell has that aspect of it. At the site, you need to have the components to make the connections happen.

First, let’s cover what the backhaul is. Today’s network will have an all-IP backhaul. What this means is that it will have an Ethernet connection to the router. The formats will all be IP-based for 4G and 5G connections. LTE is an all-IP format, as 5G will be. Remember that LTE is one of the building blocks of 5G.

In the days of CDMA and GSM, what we called 3G, they had traditional telco formats like T1 and DS3. These formats worked great at that time, and they were the foundation for what telco had to offer. However, they were over copper. They had limited bandwidth whereas today, with fiber, we can get more bandwidth. When building these systems, there is a need for more and more bandwidth. While DS3 could supply up to 155Mbps of bandwidth, it took more equipment to take it from IP to DS3 format and back again, so now Ethernet connections are the standard in most carrier backhaul systems.

What do you have in the backhaul and fronthaul components? You have the router at the RAN. Chances are the router will be Ethernet

in and Ethernet out. 3G systems used T1 and DS3 formats for the connection to the internet, but now all connections are pretty much IP in and out.

The standard connections could be copper, fiber, or microwave. Fiber is the most common for macro sites because they can deliver speeds greater than 100Mbps, in fact, as we go to 5G, the carriers will expect 1Gbps and up. Microwave is trying to catch up. You can find backhaul that can do 1Gbps links, but the hops are very short and LOS. You also should worry about latency, which is a real issue with fronthaul. We’ll get into that later.

The Wireless Deployment Handbook Paperback and

The Wireless Deployment Handbook eBook that covers professional carrier end to end deployment of LTE small cells, CRAN, and DAS showing you the proper way to plan for deployment then execute.

Then, out of the router, you will have IP access which may go to a switch to distribute the data among the components in the BTS. While the primary purpose is to connect to the BBU for the backhaul, it also passes more information back to the core such as alarms and BTS status. There is also a control channel for the remote MME to manage the BTS. With the IP connection, there are so many things you can monitor and control Most OEMs already have most of this built into their alarming systems. They even look at temperature and open doors. Some carriers are running video back through the backhaul so that they can see what’s going on at the site when no one is supposed to be there. However, the data to the BBU is the top priority, and video is a convenience at best.

Fronthaul is a connection between the BBU and the radio. In the case of a macro site, you have a fiber run, generally in a hybrid cable, between the BBU and the radio head on or at the tower which could be a simple piece of fiber connecting the 2. The reason they call the cable a hybrid is that it will have 3 to 9 or more fiber strands running through it along with power for the radio heads. The power lines are copper lines for DC power up the tower. There can be AC power on these lines, but it would be low power, chances are DC or AC it will be 48V or less. Does it have to be big enough to carry the current to run 3, 6, or 9 radio heads on the tower? There is loss through the cable that, if the engineering is wrong then you could have problems. Radio heads need power to work.

Fronthaul at the tower is straightforward. However, in today’s world, we have small cells and remote radio heads that are part of CRAN, Concentrated RAN, systems, and we have radio heads that could be part of a cRAN, cloud RAN. The idea of these systems is that the controller, a BBU, will be at a remote location controlling several radio heads from that location. Generally, in CRAN they are called BBU hotels, making maintenance and control of multiple radio heads at remote locations a lot easier when the tech can go to the one location to make changes or upgrades.

So, fronthaul will have a router, and most of the time it is fiber. You could also have microwave. Copper is not too common because they want dedicated connections, fiber and microwave offer that. Copper does not.

The issue with fronthaul is that the latency must be very low, there are communication timing issues between the BBU and the Radio Head and the UE that are critical. You don’t want the packet to time out, so you have distance limitations with fiber and microwave. Fiber is clean and works very well. Some microwave systems have longer delays due to the conversion between the data and microwave which can be an issue when transmitting signals because if they time out, then it causes retransmissions which will cause problems in the network if there are too many. Yes, there are delays through the microwave system usually from converting from IP to RF then from RF to IP on both sides. It takes processing power, and if there is a problem with the link, noise or interference, then the RF side will start data recovery and possibly retransmissions.

Let’s look at the backhaul connection. You can have fiber, copper, microwave, or other connections.

Fiber connections:

The most desired connection to the core. Fiber allows a huge amount of bandwidth. Over 1Gbps of bandwidth is available with the right equipment. You have limitations, but it works well.

What options do you have for fiber?

Dark Fiber – this is an unused dedicated fiber optic cable that to the customer’s purpose. In other words, you aren’t sharing it with anyone. A dedicated connection between the RAN and another site or the core or wherever you pay to have it sent. For dark fiber, the customer, you, will need to provide all the equipment to connect. You can get large amounts of bandwidth through dark fiber, 1Gbps, maybe more. Your limitation may be your gear. It is easy to scale dark fiber. If you run your dark fiber, it can be very expensive because you must get permits, right of ways, pay pole rents, maybe trench, and so on. It can get very expensive.
Lit fiber – this is a shared fiber, and you connect to the carrier’s equipment. The carrier could be a telco or fiber carrier or anyone who offer service. It is usually cheaper, but it is not a dedicated connection. It will still connect between 2 points, but the bandwidth may be limited because you are sharing the fiber. You may have a problem scaling up and need to coordinate with the carrier to make changes.

When is fiber used/not used?

Macro sites that require high-capacity could connect to the core or to another macro site to save on costs.
Fronthaul for low latency and high-capacity to connect the BBU to the remote radio head in a CRAN option.
Small cell sites when heavily loaded or no other option is available.
CRAN Hotel BBUs to connect to high-capacity backhaul and to connect to remote radio heads for fronthaul creating a situation where you would have several fiber runs.
In the case of C-RAN, Cloud RAN, it would be to connect the cell that is connected and controlled by a BBU in the cloud. New in 2016 and being tested in China and the USA.
Fiber is not available everywhere. There are issues connecting to fiber in some areas.
Fiber could be cost prohibitive to run to your specific site which has slowed the growth of small cell sites on remote poles. The cost of getting fiber to the pole may be more than the expense of the small cell and the installation of the small cell. That has been a problem that holds back the mass deployment of small cells.
In some cases, you have only one fiber provider to choose from, and their costs may be probative.

The Wireless Deployment Handbook Paperback and

The Wireless Deployment Handbook eBook that covers professional carrier end to end deployment of LTE small cells, CRAN, and DAS showing you the proper way to plan for deployment then execute.

Microwave Connections:

Point to Point, (PTP) is where you have a dedicated microwave shot between to end points.
Point to Multi Point, (PTMP) is where you have one control point connected to multiple endpoints.
Latency varies, and it is hard to capture in a band. Why? Let’s review this list:
- Distance – just like fiber, the farther the data travels, the higher the latency. In microwave, the longer the link, the higher the latency.
- Equipment – specifically the radio equipment in this case. The longer it holds on to a packet the longer the latency. The longer it takes to process the conversion from RF back to IP, the longer the latency. The longer error correction takes to complete the longer the latency.
Spectrum, microwave can be in many spectrums that serve many purposes. High-level explanations for the US market but they could apply to the world. These are the most common. Remember that the distance and dish size and engineering will affect throughput and latency.
- 6GHz range – general for long-range shots. Point to Point LOS (Line of Site) microwave using larger dishes for longer shots. Licensed. Used early on, but the limitations in bandwidth and the large dish size have made them less attractive to modern sites. The dishes are over 6 feet and over. However, the FCC will allow 3-foot dishes in some situations. The limitations are the spectrum, licensing, and potential interference. The FCC did allow larger channels, but the current licenses in the US make it hard to get larger channels. Antenna size is an issue, but because the propagation of 6GHz is great, meaning it can travel far, it makes it hard to license without causing someone else problems. It was great with voice channels when they could travel great distances. Public safety in rural areas relies heavily on this because many of their sites are spread out.
- 11GHz range – generally used for midrange shots. Point to point LOS microwave using mid-size dishes, around 4 foot or so, but the FCC will allow 2-foot dishes. Licensed. Used extensively I the past and is a good midrange solution. The FCC was going to allow smaller dishes, but this band usage is high and very dense in the USA. The throughput is just over 200Mbps if properly engineered.
- 18GHz range – generally used for short to midrange shots. Point to point LOS microwave using 1 to 4-foot dishes. Licensed. These are an attractive solution with high bandwidth. Do the engineering because these links are heavily affected by weather, specifically, rain. Bandwidth through these links could be 100Mbps up to just over 300Mbps
- 23GHzrange – generally for very short hops. Licensed. Point to point LOS microwave using smaller dishes, around 1 to 4 foot. High throughput, 100Mbps and up. Very prone to rain degradation. Very easy to license in the USA.
- 24GHz range – generally used for short hops. Point to point LOS microwave using 1-foot dishes could go down to 8 inches. Not licensed, very easy to license. With a throughput of 100Mbps, some companies can get this band to over 700Mbps with proper engineering, but rain is a factor when it comes to engineering these links. Very limited on distance. Interference is usually low because of the propagation properties of this spectrum. This spectrum is good for short hops.
- 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz range – the ISM band used for short hops, (although I have seen companies connect 15 to 20-mile links). Could be PTP or PTMP. Could be LOS or Near LOS or in some cases non-LOS. Not licensed. This sub 6GHz license free spectrum is a popular choice among non-carriers because the spectrum is free and the hardware is cost-effective using smaller dishes (or panels) which are easy to install and setup. No license makes it easy to deploy anywhere, and the low-cost equipment makes it affordable to deploy anywhere. A short hop solution but there are claims that are using the right size dishes that it can be a long-haul solution. The downside is that it’s prone to interference because anyone can put them up or any Wi-Fi hotspot may affect it. They are easy to deploy. Throughput varies on the engineering but generally, 10Mbps to 150Mbps. I have seen more throughput, but it takes the right design and engineering to get it.
- E-band 71-76GHz and 81 – 86GHz range – generally for very short distances, prone to weather issues. Dishes are very small, under 2 foot. Point to point hops. Licensed links, but light licensed, so getting the license is very easy in the US and Europe. These are a popular choice for short hops that could need up to 1Gbps of throughput. Very high throughput looks like a fiber connection.
- 60GHz – generally for very short hops. Point to point, but there is talk of a multi-point product coming out. Dishes are 6 inches to 2 foot. Throughput is very high, over 1Gbps.

When is Microwave used/not used?

Microwave is a cost-effective alternative to fiber, but can only be used in specific cases. Your paying for the hardware, so CapEx is higher. The OpEx is lower because the only reoccupying cost is license renewal and tower rent if you’re paying it, and maintenance.
Microwave works for macro and small cells for backhaul or fronthaul.
Microwave does have its drawbacks because it is a limited solution, although a very cost-effective one if you’re looking at OpEx.

So, when looking at fronthaul or backhaul you have:

Router.
A connection from point a to point b, fiber, microwave, or copper.
Switch (if needed).

What is LTE UE backhaul?

It is backhaul that uses the carrier’s spectrum, just like the UE, User Equipment, your smartphone. If you have ever used your smartphone as a Wi-Fi hotspot, then you know the concept, using the carrier’s backhaul to create a new hotspot. Now imagine taking your usage and multiply by hundreds or thousands of megabits. The UE backhaul device in something that will use the carrier’s LTE spectrum for backhaul. This is something that is commonly used for internet access when there is no Wi-Fi available. The carriers all sell these units and many of today’s smartphones do something similar. However, they just use the standard signal. Using it for a tiny hotspot and for an eNodeB are 2 different things.

Let’s talk hotspot. Many vendors provide equipment that a user can add coverage quickly and easily. It is a quick Wi-Fi connection to the internet using the carrier’s LTE to connect to the internet. Everyone has Wi-Fi, and there are devices that create an instant hotspot. Verizon has the Mi-Fi, or you can use your smartphone as a hotspot. Every carrier has a wireless modem that you will provide a Wi-Fi hotspot. I think anyone who is reading this knows about the hotspots. I thought it would be a good example to get started.

What is a cell extender? There is a practice where many carriers will use a cell extender that will have a UE relay backhaul to extend the signal. This is also like a smartphone hotspot or a Mi-Fi unit because it was just to help a few customers but extends the carrier’s signal instead of Wi-Fi. This is a type of repeater to extend the macro’s signal, a cell extender. This is a way for the carrier to extend the coverage just a little bit farther. It’s a way to provide coverage someplace quickly and easily. These were common in 2G, 3G, and now LTE. It is a simple and quick way to install a repeater to extend carrier coverage down an ally. In the old days of DAS, this is what they did. They would take the signal where it was strong or use an antenna and amplifier to increase the strength to get it into a dead spot. People paid a lot of money for these systems.

It’s not a simple cell extender, and let me tell you why. Now you are talking about putting the small cell in an area where there is a loading issue. This goes beyond coverage. The data and spectrum usage could go through the roof! If you set it up like a cell extender with backhaul to the macro site, then guess what! You will see an overloaded macro sector! The macro not only has to deal with all its users but all the small cell or Mini macro users too. This sucks up all the spectrum and bandwidth for that sector. What can be done? Read on!

I am bringing this up because now there is talk about using the UE backhaul for small cells, mini-macros, and macro cell sites. It’s making a more powerful cell extender. It sounds like a great idea on the surface. This is a cheap, quick and easy backhaul. However, what is the drawback? It’s not as easy as you think, the carrier needs to set up the donor site properly. I mentioned it earlier, and it is not something you just throw out there to feed a cell site. It draws a ton of data. It sounds like a great idea on the surface. It looks like a cheap, quick and easy backhaul.

The donor site needs to break the bottleneck. You need to dedicate spectrum in the macro eNodeB that will be feeding the UE backhaul. This will alleviate the spectrum usage for the regular users on the macro sector. We don’t want them to get knocked off if the small cell US backhaul overloads the macro. This will make it so that the users on the macro don’t get shut knocked off if the small cell pulls the entire spectrum of its users. This will allow the small cell UE backhaul to have a dedicated pipe. It needs to have dedicated spectrum for this purpose. Then the small cell will know how much backhaul spectrum it has to available. By the way, not an easy change, changes in the eNodeB and possibly the core need to be considered as well as neighboring sites. This “dedicated backhaul spectrum” needs to be set aside for this sector and others too. It takes some planning and changes.

You could still have the data bottleneck at the macro’s backhaul. That’s another issue that needs planning.

So now you dedicated part of the band to the UE backhaul, which seems OK. Remember that the carrier paid a lot of money for that spectrum and now they are choosing to use it for backhaul. So the pipe is limited based on coverage and availability. It is a quick and easy to add UE backhaul, but is this the best use of the spectrum? Will you lose something in this backhaul? Yes, you have delay issues, timing issues, and neighbor issues. All of this is a problem when building a site for any type of real loading. Go to the links below to learn more.

However, what’s the real issue? Is it all the problems I mentioned above? They are all technical issues that good engineers will resolve. This appears to be a cheap and quick solution. But that’s not the real issue, is it? The carriers paid a crap ton of money for spectrum. Is backhaul a smart way to use this resource? Is that billion-dollar investment there to save some CapEx for the company? I thought it was for the customers! Backhaul could have been something in the unlicensed band for a lot less money. It could be a fiber link for more money. Is this an easy out or will it cause problems down the road because the spectrum is only going to get more and more valuable? Do investors want to see that spectrum used this way? I don’t see the auctions being a cheap alternative to providing backhaul.

So just because it looks cheap and easy doesn’t mean it’s a good move strategically. Don’t get me wrong; the UE relays, the repeaters serve an important purpose for coverage and filling holes, I am just saying be strategic and think it through. For more information hit the links below to learn about these solutions.

If delays were lower, this would be a great technology for fronthaul, now that would be something!

Resources:

Be smart, be safe, and pay attention!

Do you know what to put in your SOW, the details needed to get paid for milestones or job completion?

The foundations below do beautiful work, helping families in their time of need. Climbers often get seriously injured or die on the job. The foundations below support those families in their time of greatest need!

Hubble Foundation helps the families of climbers in time of need!

Tower Family Foundation supports the families r tower climbers at the time of crisis when a climber falls.

Wade4Wireless BlogCast

What is LTE UE Backhaul?

October 19, 2015 Wade Leave a comment

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What is LTE UE backhaul? It is backhaul that uses the carrier’s spectrum, just like the UE, User Equipment, you smartphone. If you have ever used a carrier’s Wi-Fi hotspot then chances are you have used a device similar to this. One that will use the carrier’s spectrum, like LTE, for backhaul. This is something that is commonly used for internet access when there is no Wi-Fi available. The carriers all sell these units and many of today’s smartphones do something similar. However, they just use the standard signal. Using it for a tiny hotspot and for an eNodeB are 2 different things.

Listen! iTunes or Stitcher

Let’s talk hotspot. Many vendors provide equipment that a user can add coverage quickly and easily. A quick Wi-Fi connection to the internet using the carrier’s LTE. Everyone has Wi-Fi and there are devices that create an instant hotspot. Verizon has the Mi-Fi or you can use your smart phone as a hotspot. Every carrier has a wireless modem that you will provide a Wi-Fi hotspot. I think anyone reading this probably knows about the hotspots. I thought it would be a good example to get started.

I am bringing this up because now there is talk about using the UE backhaul for small cells making it a more powerful cell extender. It sounds like a great idea on the surface. This is a cheap, quick and easy backhaul. However, what are the drawbacks?

What is a cell extender? There is a practice where many carriers will use a cell extender that will have a UE relay backhaul to extend the signal. This is also like a smartphone hotspot or a Mi-Fi unit because it was just to help a few customers but extends the carriers signal instead of Wi-Fi. This is a type of repeater to extend the macro’s signal, a cell extender. This is a way for the carrier to extend the coverage just a little bit farther. It’s a way to provide coverage someplace quickly and easily. These were common in 2G, 3G, and now LTE. It is a simple and quick way to install a repeater to extend carrier coverage down an ally. In the old days of DAS, this is really what they did. They would take the signal where it was strong or use an antenna and amplifier to increase the strength to get it into a dead spot. People paid a lot of money for these systems.

What about using UE backhaul for an eNodeB? You know, like a small cell or a mini macro? I am bringing this up because now there is talk about using the UE backhaul for small cells making it a more powerful cell extender. It sounds like a great idea on the surface. This is a cheap, quick and easy backhaul. However, what are the drawbacks?

It’s not a simple cell extender, and let me tell you why. Now you are talking about putting the small cell in an area where there is a loading issue. This goes beyond coverage. The data and spectrum usage could go through the roof! So if you set it up like a cell extender with backhaul to the macro site, then guess what! You will see an overloaded macro sector! The macro not only has to deal with all of its users but all the small cell or Mini macro users too. This sucks up all the spectrum and bandwidth for that sector. What can be done? Read on!

To break the bottleneck you need to dedicate spectrum in the macro eNodeB that will be feeding the UE backhaul. This will alleviate the spectrum usage for the regular users on the macro sector. We don’t want them to get knocked off if the small cell US backhaul overloads the macro. This will make it so that the users on the macro don’t get shut knocked off if the small cell pulls the entire spectrum for its users. This will allow the small cell UE backhaul to have a dedicated pipe. It needs to have dedicated spectrum for this purpose. Then the small cell will know how much backhaul spectrum it has to available. By the way, not an easy change, changes in the eNodeB and possibly the core need to be considered as well as neighboring sites. This “dedicated backhaul spectrum” needs to be set aside in this sector and others too. It takes some planning and changes.

You could still have the data bottleneck at the macro’s backhaul. That’s another issue that needs planning.

However, what’s the real issue? Is it all the problems I mentioned above? They are all technical issues that good engineers will resolve. This appears to be a cheap and quick solution. But that’s not the real issue, is it? The carriers paid a crap ton of money for spectrum. Is backhaul a smart way to use this resource? Is that billion dollar investment there to save some CapEx for the company? I thought it was for the customers! Backhaul could have been something in the unlicensed band for a lot less money. It could be a fiber link for more money. Is this an easy out or will it cause problems down the road because the spectrum is only going to get more and more valuable? Do investors want to see that spectrum used this way? I don’t see the auctions being a cheap alternative to providing backhaul.

So just because it looks cheap and easy doesn’t mean it’s a good move strategically. Don’t get me wrong, the UE relays, the repeaters serve an important purpose for coverage and filling holes, I am just saying be strategic and think it through. For more information hit the links below to learn about these solutions.

https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/binary/pdf/corporate/technology/rd/technical_journal/bn/vol12_2/vol12_2_029en.pdf

http://lteworld.org/blog/introduction-relay-nodes-lte-advanced

http://wireless.skku.edu/english/UserFiles/File/1569472705.pdf

http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2013/lte-in-band-relay-prototype-and-field-measurement.pdf

http://www.interdigital.com/research_papers/2012_01_13_system_architecture_for_a_cellular_network_with_ue_relays_for_capacity_and_coverage_enhancement

http://www.airspan.com/products/airvelocity-2/

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Costs of Deploying Fiber and Wireless

The Rise of Site Acquisition

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Drawbacks of Running Fiber

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Is fiber key?

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First off, why do we need an alternative to fiber?

How do we extend the fiber?

Who can do this?

What is the fixed spectrum the US carriers have?

What about WiGIG?

What about the CBRS?

How do we plan backhaul?

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Fiber connections:

When is fiber used/not used?

Microwave Connections:

When is Microwave used/not used?

What is LTE UE backhaul?

Resources:

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